Q.J.G.S. No. 162. 



List o/Fossn, Shells collected b,, Mr. J. Stakto Gaednek 

 tre Iceland. By J. Gwnf Jeffrets, LL.D., F.R.S. 



[jTo face page i 



Table 0/ Distribchok and Remaeks Jy Seaeles 

 ^ Wood, Esq., F.G.S. 



1 



1 



1 

 1 



1 



1 



1 



1 



1 



Name of Species. 



Synonyms and remarks. 



§ 



8 



ll 

 II 



II 

 ii 



2 



V 



Ii 



- 



z 



? — 



- 



CoKOn.PEKA. 



Oardhim eehinatum. Limii.., 







T 



? 



X 



X 



? 



X 



B 



G 

 B 



B 

 B 



E 

 B 

 A 

 E 

 B 



B 



E 



G 



A? 

 E 

 B 

 A 

 A 

 E 



s^rsSrs"!!'""^'^ 





Astarte creiiata, Gmi/ 



compressa, Montagu 











Moctrasoiicia.i.'::::::;:::::::;. •:::;:; 



Mesotlesllm ,l,.:un-:du,n, Tirrim !.! 



Glycimcris ;.ilii|ii;,, .'<,>,,„,/,,■ 



Myaavei,in-i:,. / 



Saxicuva ,H,r>..^ic:,, .s^,. 



Gasti,„i.o„a. 

 Litlorina littorea, i, 



And var. obiiqua ::::.:;::: 



? G. angusta, Ni^st^Me'Smriiilrood.Z]]^ 



Naticaheros, Sai/ 





affims, Gmclin 



aperta, Xoi'dM [] 



Bucoinum grooiilandicum, Ch 



Vur. occlusa. ' 

 Bulbus flavus, Gould. 



Murox oinereus, />a;/. 

 Piisus despechis. L. 



F. Stimpsoui, .Ifc/r/j; P. Olavii, Bec/l 



? S. propinqua, .V%. : Sraiics IViwd 



Nassa trivitlala, .% 



raoneiisis, Forbes 



Pleurotoina tiu-riciila. Moidmju 



pyramidalis, »™« 



bicarinat.a, Omik 



Actaion iiOiP, .7. Sower/jy 



var. Fusus'iiariniiariu5.'o:«>/im^'':'":";;";;;:;: 



F. plenrotomarins, CoM. . . 



?'Toraiitelb'pusiiia^'}'VM*r'"^!!!!;"!!!!';;"!";!!" 



20 : 23 



10 



18 



27 



^^otes on Di: J. Gii 



Jeff,: 



■ List. 



The term " Arctic" in the fourth column of this list includes not 

 only those parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans which belong to 

 America and Asia, but; also those parts of the European seas wliich 

 lie within the Arctic circle. 



The list shows that of the 27 .species collected by Mr. Gardner, 

 20 are found in the English Crags, 23 lire in the North- American 

 seas, 10 only in the European seas as above restricted, and 18 in 

 the Arctic .seas of both hemispheres. It also shows that nearly 

 the same number of species occur in the Cra-j and Norfch-.imorican 

 seas; 16 species are common to both those categories; o appear 

 to be American, and 3 Arctic, none of which are Crag. The con- 

 uexion between the Crag and North-American MoUusca is tlierefore 

 more intimate than between the Crag and European ifolhisca, not 

 taking the Arctic MoUusca into account. Two species, and those 

 questionably, are supposed to be extinct. I should regard this 

 Iceland dejMsit rather as Post-tertiary or Quaternary than as 

 PHocone. 



All the non-existiug species are inhabitants of comparatively 

 shallow water ; some are littoral. 



The peculiarly North-American species (Mesoch'ima ihanratum, 

 Mitica Jwos, Miirex einereus, Fiisiis cuHus, and Nrissa tniiittiita) 

 have not been recorded as living on the Icelandic coasts. Iceland 

 is geographically separated from North .imerica by Greenland, 

 where the marine MoUusca are more European than American *. 

 But the course of the Great Arctic current is from Iceland to 

 Newfoundland and the western coasts of North America ; and this 

 may account for the former occurrence of North-American species 

 in Iceland, as evidence of their origin or source of distribution at 

 that epoch when the shells were ovei-whelmed by a volcanic How of 

 lava. All the MoUusca which now live in the Icelandic sea are 

 either Arctic or North European, and have apparently been derived 

 from Spitzbergen or Finmark by means of the same current which 

 is continued from Iceland to Newfoundland. 



J. Gwru Jefprkts. 

 4th Dec, 1884. 



the ' Valorous ' Expedition 



the ' Proceediii; 



Mr. S. r. Woods Table. 



The large carinated shell referred to (p. 96) is probably T,-op}w,i aii- 

 t'lqims, var. carimtus. Mr. S. V. Wood remarks that only the sinistral 

 form of T. antiqmis occurs in the oldest part of the Red Crag, and 

 this not carinated. Both the sinistral and dextral forms of var. 

 mnnatus occur in the middle part of the Red Crag. It is the cari- 

 nated form which is .\rctie, not British. 



To these we may add the foUowing species, overlooked by Dr. 

 (iwyn Jeffreys, identified by Mr. Searles V. Wood, and also occurring 

 in the paper by Dr. Morch on the Iceland Crag at p. 321 of vol. 

 viii. of the Geol. Mag. (1871):— 



Bumimm Dalei, only a fragment or two of which are known 

 from the Coralline Crag, though it is very abundant in the older and 

 middle part of the Red Crag. 



I'kurotomu hlspidula, a rather doubtful Coralline-Crag species, 

 now living in the Mediterranean. 



Mnc/m circiuilu, known throughout the Crags and extinct. 



THIIiiH ohliqiw, rare in coraUinc and older parts of the Red Crag, 

 but abundant in the rest of the Red Crag and in the oldest Glacial 

 beds. Treated as a variety by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys. 



T. pnrtenuis. Very abundant in both middle and newest part of 

 Red Crag, but rare in the oldest Glacial beds. In the newest part 

 of the Red Crag both these Telleus are associated with the Uving 

 Arctic species, T. adcaria, which occurs in aU Glacial beds. Both 

 T. obliqua and T. prcetenuis are unkuown from any but the oldest 

 Glacial beds, and of the east of England only. They are now 

 extinct. 



There are also a few species remaining undetermined. Mr. 8. V. 

 Wood, from the evidence before him, regarded the bed as not later 

 than the Middle Red Crag, and he remarked on the close affinity 

 between their MoUusca. 



