Lod 
"HOPKINS ON THE LAKE DISTRICT. 71 
2. Structure.—The general strike of the beds of red sandstone 
as well as of the limestone coincides with the direction of the above 
boundary at each point of it, and the general dip is consequently per- 
pendicular to that boundary. On the southern side, however, this 
observation must be taken with reference to the mean strike and dip, 
which are both locally affected by north and south faults. Above 
Kirkby Stephen the limestone dips rapidly N.E. by N. under the 
red sandstone of the vale of Eden; and the same dip is strongly 
marked along the limestone fells to Orton. As the boundary ap- 
proaches Penrith it recedes further from the axis of movement, and 
the dip is proportionally less, as it continues to be generally along 
the northern boundary. On the west the dip is agam more rapid, 
being frequently 20° or upwards, both in the limestone and new red 
sandstone, a circumstance which would scarcely have been anticipated 
on account of the unconformability of the two formations and general 
greater horizontality of the latter im the vale of Eden. On the south- 
ern side, the general dip, as dependent on the general elevation of 
the district, and independent of the local effects of faults, must be 
smaller than in most other parts of the boundary, as indicated by the 
greater width of the irregular limestone band. 
3. The space within the band of mountain limestone is occupied by 
the older formations, which (as I have here no concern with their di- 
stinctive mineralogical or zoological characters) it will be convenient 
to designate by one appellation—the grauwacké group*. Their stra- 
tification, though in some places perfectly distinct, is frequently very 
obscure. Professor Sedgwick states the dip to be in general nearly 
S.E. In some places it is more nearly E., as in the valley between 
Kendal Fell and Whitbarrow, and from thence to the lake of Winder- 
mere, in which places the stratification is extremely well marked. 
The dip is there not less in general than 50° or 60°. On the north 
of Kendal, as we approach Shap Fell, the stratification in some places 
is well-marked; but the best proof of continuous stratification is 
afforded by a band of limestone interstratified with the grauwacké 
beds, and extending from the mouth of the Duddon to Shap Fell, a 
distance of nearly forty miles. Its general strike Gndependent of 
dislocations) is very nearly N.E. and S.W., dipping rapidly towards 
the 8.E. It is described in detail in a memoir of Professor Sedg- 
wick’s, where the author has also described the curious cases of dis- 
continuity which it presents to us. I shall shortly recur to them as 
indications of the prodigious faults by which this country has been 
dislocated. 
4. Junction of the Mountain Limestone and the Older Forma- 
tions.—This junction may be distinctly seen in many places, and 
always indicates that the limestone must have been deposited on a 
plain and even surface, formed by the perfect wearing down of the 
upturned edges of the older strata, and thus free, not only from the 
greater inequalities of hill and valley, but also from the minor inequa- 
lities which now characterize, in many places, the exposed grauwacké 
* The detached masses of red conglomerate, found in several parts of the di- 
strict, may be here considered as included in this group. 
