HOPKINS ON THE LAKE DISTRICT. 81 
vable, that we are as much at liberty to make that hypothesis as any 
other, should independent facts appear to render it necessary. If we 
suppose this additional elevation at Stammoor to have been such 
that, when added to'the thickness of the new red sandstone, the whole 
amount would be about 900 feet (the present elevation of Stainmoor 
above the valley below), the depth of the ocean along the line of our 
sections must have been no greater over the sandstone than across 
the limestone ridge of Stainmoor. The subaqueous valley must then 
have been entirely filled up. This would require the posterior ele- 
vation now spoken of to be 300 or 400 feet, assuming the thickness 
of the whole new red sandstone group to have been 500 or 600 feet, 
as above supposed. This however is the extreme hypothesis ; a less 
increase of elevation would leave a submarine valley of comparatively 
small depth (fig. 7). This point is not altogether unimportant in 
considermg the transport of boulders over Stammoor from the Cum- 
brian mountains. 
(6.) The next period was one of elevation, more especially of what is 
properly termed the Lake district, which I conceive to have been now 
first raised permanently to any considerable height above the level of 
the sea. The great inclination of the new red sandstone beds on the 
west of the district, and the considerable disturbance which we ob- 
serve in them as far to the south-west as Furness Abbey (as already 
noticed), afford the best proofs we can possess of the amount of ele- 
vation in the central portion of the district during the period we are 
now considering. In fact, the dip of the sandstone beds in these lo- 
calities did not appear to me to differ sensibly from that of the beds 
of mountain limestone, showing incontestably that the principal part 
of the elevation of these latter beds, and therefore of the whole west- 
‘ern and more mountainous portion of the district, took place as just 
stated, and not at any previous period. We must not here confound 
dislocation and elevation. The former might be great and the latter 
comparatively small, or the converse. Great dislocations may have 
been the result of more violent, and great elevations that of more 
continued or more frequently repeated action of elevatory forces. 
Fig. 8 represents the increased elevation of the Cumbrian portion 
of the district, immediately before the emergence of Stammoor from 
beneath the surface of the ocean, when that tract must have formed 
a channel connecting the oceans on the east and west of the great Pe- 
nine range. The denudation of the new red sandstone is represented 
as already partly effected by ocean currents; I consider it to have 
been completed during subsequent elevation, when the valley formed 
an arm of the sea, or after its entire emergence. Stainmoor-may not 
have finally emerged from the water till after the Tertiary period. 
According to any subaqueous theory, the transport of erratic blocks 
across that tract must have taken place before its emergence ; the 
diluvial theory, which I shall speak of in the sequel, connects this 
transport with successive movements, to which the increased eleva- 
tion of the Cumbrian district represented in the figure is considered 
to be due. 
Fig. 9 represents an actual section of the district. 
VOL. IV,— PART I. G 
