HOPKINS ON THE LAKE DISTRICT. 85 
dip might at first sight be estimated at nearly two points of the 
compass. Considering however the great height of Helvellin, the 
deviation does not probably exceed one point. 
The direction of St. John’s Valley and Thirlmere appears to ac- 
cord accurately with theory. The longitudinal valley of Langdale 
deviates perhaps about a point from the mean strike, or that which 
theory would assign to it. 
The upper part of Ulswater, from Glencoin to Patterdale, (of which 
the direction is anomalous,) may probably be referable to one of those 
irregular fractures of comparatively small extent, of which there must 
doubtless have been many, accompanying those greater dislocations 
from which we gather the laws of the phenomena, and which have 
impressed on the district its great and distinctive features. The 
same observation may be applied to the upper part of Winandermere, 
above the point where it is jomed by the valley of Troutbeck. It 
should be remarked, however, that in neither case is the portion of 
the lake now spoken of to be considered as necessarily referable, like 
the other portions, to a line of fault. 
15. Hence then I conclude that these diverging lines of fracture 
in this district are due to a local elevation, posterior to that which 
produced the great longitudinal faults of the grauwacké system. 
Beyond this there is nothing in the previous reasoning to determine 
the epoch of this local elevation. It may have been that of the ele- 
vation of the Carboniferous system, or prior to the deposition of that 
system, at the conclusion, for mstance, of the movements which ele- 
vated the older beds, the directions of dislocation of those beds 
having been determined in the commencement of those movements. 
This pomt must be determined by other evidence. 
In a former part of this memoir (Arts. 4, 5) I have stated my rea- 
sons for believing the bottom of the ocean on which the lower beds 
of the carboniferous series were deposited, to have been very nearly 
plane and horizontal ; and also that the actual geological elevation of 
the district was given to it by the movements which elevated the 
mountain limestone and new red sandstone. Those reasons appear 
to me of great weight, and, admitting their validity, we are led to 
refer the diverging dislocations to the same epoch. If we refer them 
to a prior epoch, it would appear necessary to suppose the district 
to have been then raised into a form like the present, to have been 
again levelled by denuding causes previous to the deposition of the 
Carboniferous system, and then to have been again elevated, on the 
breaking up of that system, ito its present form, with the reproduc- 
tion of the former dislocations. These conclusions are equally in ac- 
cordance with our theory of elevation, but it appears to me that the 
greater simplicity of the first recommends it strongly to our pre- 
ference. 
16. The peculiarity of the case before us with reference to our 
theory, consists in its presenting, at the western extremity of the 
elevated district, a complete apse, up to which the elevatory force 
to which the local movement above spoken of is referred, has acted 
with sufficient intensity to develope the peculiar characters which 
