1868.] FOOTE — INDIAN STONE IMPLEMENTS. 491 



(fig. 3) shows the relative position of the lateritic gravels just 

 referred to. 



A second area showing this peculiar lateritic gravel with imple- 

 ments occurs about 25 miles north-west of Pamur, near the village of 

 Nundanawanum. The laterite sea evidently made a deep bay 

 here, and has left considerable traces of its presence in the form of 

 gravels and dark-red sandy clays, which extend right up to the foot 

 of the Yellaconda Mountains. The country here at the headwaters 

 of the Palair river is much flatter, and probably less elevated, than 

 that around Pamar. I obtained several well-shaped implements 

 from the surface of a gravelly clay south of the village of Ramiah- 

 puUy. 



Northward of Nundanawanum I did not meet with any recog- 

 nizable traces of a former presence of the laterite formations ; but 

 my visit was too cursory to enable me to satisfy myself on this point ; 

 for I expect that traces of the laterite sea will be found all over the 

 northern part of the Nellore country, and the low country of the 

 Kistna district up to the Kistna River. 



The most northerly point at which I obtained a chipped imple- 

 ment was Vipur, 11 miles north of "Vinukonda. It was found on the 

 surface, but it was evidently derived from a thin spread of quartzite- 

 gravel underlying the soil and resting on coarse syenite. 



In the coast-laterite of the Nellore district the most northerly 

 point at which I obtained implements was in the Ramiapatnam 

 patch, the most northerly I had an opportunity of carefully examin- 

 ing. 



At Goodloor, in the Ramiapatnam patch, I found numerous small 

 but well-shaped implements washed out of the laterite by atmo- 

 spheric denudation. With the lateritic formations now described it 

 will, I believe, be found necessary to include the great talus-like 

 banks of boulder-gravel occurring along the base of the Yella Con- 

 das and the Naggery mountains, which are weU seen, in the case 

 of the former, at the east end of the Dorenal Pass, and at the town 

 of Udayaghiri. In the case of the Naggery mountains there is a 

 splendid gravel-bank along the south flank of the Waggery Moun- 

 tain itself. In this latter case I observed the quartzite boulder- 

 shingle to be extensively stained of dark red-brown purple, which 

 indicates that the stone had been weathered in the presence of 

 ferruginous matter of extraneous origin, the quantity of iron, in any 

 shape, in the quartzite being in general extremely small. This 

 ferruginous matter I believe to have been the lateritic cement by 

 which this shingle was partly cemented into a conglomerate precisely 

 the same as that now seen around the flanks of the Alicoor hills. 

 The presence of such a ferruginous cement at high levels in places 

 where no ferruginous matter was derivable from the higher grounds, 

 as in the case of the Alicoor hills, near Naikenpolliam, nor from the 

 substance of the enclosed materials, may, I think, be explained by 

 supposing that the highly agitated waters of the laterite sea carried 

 much ferruginous matter in suspension — a supposition which is not 

 in the least degree hazardous when we consider the immense quan- 



