1868.] MITFORD COAL-MINES IN JAPAN. 511 



11. Memorandum on the Coal-mines of Iwanai, Island of Jesso, 

 Japan. By A. B. Mitfokd, Esq. 



[Communicated by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.] 



(Abstract.) 



The coal-mines lie two miles inland from a village called Kaianoma, 

 about seven miles across StrogonofF Bay. Four seams of coal have 

 been discovered ; two of them are from 4 to 6 feet thick, one is 

 about 3 feet thick, and the fourth, which has not yet been thoroughly 

 examined, is about 1 foot thick. The coal is soft, yields from 10 to 

 12 per cent, of ash, and from 30 to 35 per cent, of gas. On first 

 being lighted it sends out a thick black smoke, but soon burns with 

 a clear strong flame, and leaves no clinker. 



An experiment was made with some of the coal picked out from 

 the surface of the seams, in the galley-fire of H. M.S. ' Salamis,' 

 under the superintendence of the chief engineer. 79 lb. of coal yielded 

 17-27 per cent, of ash, 1-5 per cent, of clinker, an average volume of 



smoke, and a strong and dui-able flame. 



12. Oh a New Species o/Eossil DEEn/rom Clacton. By W. Boyd 

 Dawkins, Esq. M.A., E.R.S., E.G.S. 



[Plate XYII. & Plate XVIII. figs. 1-8.] 



Contents. 



1. Introduction. I 4. Comparison with Cervus dama. 



2.. Description. | 5. Probable age of the freshwater 



3. Measurements. | strata at Clacton. 



1. Introduction. — In the collection of fossil mammals found in 

 the freshwater deposits of Clacton by Mr. John Brown, of Stanway, 

 and now in the British Museum, is a series of antlers, forty- one 

 in number, which Mr. Davies could refer to none of the fossil spe- 

 cies of the genus Cervus. A careful examination has convinced me 

 of the truth of his conclusion, and that they indicate a species of deer 

 hitherto unknown, not only in Britain but also on the Continent. For 

 it I propose the name Cervus Browni in memory of Mr. John Brown, 

 to whose indefatigable labour in collecting fossils we owe very much 

 of our knowledge of the Pleistocene Mammalia. Dr. Falconer, whose 

 attention was directed by Mr. Davies to some of these antlers, con- 

 sidered them to belong to a species distinct from the Axis of the Crag 

 and Eorest-bed *, being unaware at the time that the nearly perfect 



* ' Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. ii p. 478. In Brown's Clacton collection 

 in the British Museum is a very extensive series of Deer-horns nearly all be- 

 longing to one species. They are all terete, with a single brow-antler given off 

 very low, as in the Val d'Arno Axis, but a little lower and pointing more for- 

 wards above the brow-antler. There is generally a long reach of beam mth no 

 branch. How the beam terminates is not shown. In size it is like Mr. King's 

 Axis from the Crag and Forest-bed, but it differs in the brow-antler being given 

 off lower, and in not having the same pronounced double curve. The species is 

 evidently distinct {Cervus Clacfonianus). 



VOL. XXIV. PART I. 2 N 



