64 COL. H. W. EEILDEN ON KOLGUEV ISLAND. [Feb. 1 896, 



signs of stratification, in sand of the same composition. If, then, 

 the Kolguev rocks are derived from the Kanin Peninsula, they do 

 not seem to come from the south of east. The raised beaches of 

 Anzersk confirm the indications of recent elevation afforded by 

 Kolguev. 



Dr. G. J. Hinde considered that the distinctly striated boulders 

 and the other specimens brought by the Author from Kolguev, indi- 

 cated that the clays in which they were embedded were of the 

 nature of genuine boulder clay (with which, indeed, the Author 

 had compared them) formed beneath a glacier. It did not seem 

 possible that such an enormous amount of ice-marked material 

 should have been deposited from floating ice. The presence of 

 Arctic mollusca in the clays would not invalidate this conclusion, for 

 similar shells occurred in deposits generally recognized as Till or 

 Boulder Clay. 



Dr. Gregory said that all geologists would welcome the Author's 

 return to the subject of Arctic geology, to which he had already 

 made most important contributions. He thought it necessary, in 

 order to interpret the geology of Kolguev, to consider it in relation 

 to the general problems of North Eussian glacial geology. It was 

 generally agreed that there were two centres of glaciation in that 

 region — the Scandinavian, which spread eastward over the Kola 

 Peninsula, and the Tomain-Ural, which flowed westward. These 

 broke up into local glacial centres, and then followed a marine trans- 

 gression from the north. Russian geologists now attached less 

 importance to sea-borne ice than they formerly did. The erratics 

 described by Prof. Bonney seemed to show that the Kolguev area 

 was within the range of the Scandinavian ice. He referred to 

 several points in Col. Eeilden's description, which suggested doubts 

 as to whether Kolguev is wholly composed of marine glacial beds, 

 and to the paper by Tchernychev and Nikitin on the glacial geology 

 and erratics of the adjacent Kanin Peninsula. 



The Rev. Edwin Hill noted the novelty of ice as a protective agent. 

 The East Anglian clays in area and thickness are comparable to 

 those of Kolguev, and not unlike the Author's descriptions ; their 

 stones are scratched just as those shown. He asked what were the 

 criteria by which the beds were proved to be marine, for it seemed 

 hard to find any criteria generally admitted by advocates of land-ice. 

 He called attention to the greater value of erratics whose home was 

 near for determining the direction of transport. 



The Author begged to thank the Eellows for the favourable re- 

 ception of his paper. He was still more obliged for the useful 

 criticisms of Mr. Marr, Dr. Gregory, Dr. Hinde, and the Eev. E. 

 Hill, as in replying to them he could clinch his arguments. 

 Mr. Marr evidently hesitated to accept the Author's determination 

 that Kolguev Island was made up of a vast series of marine beds, 

 laid down without the visible extrusion of a basement-rock, and 

 quoted Prof. Torell's views on the extension of the Scandinavian 

 ice-cap, so as to include the Kanin Peninsula. But this in no way 

 affected the Author's determinations of the Kolguev Beds, for Torell. 





