Vol. 52.] GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF ARCTIC EUROPE, ETC. 721 



40. Notes on the Glacial Geology of Arctic Europe and its Islands. 

 — Part II. 1 Arctic Norway, Russian Lapland, Novaya Zemlya, 

 and Spitsbergen. By Col. H. W. Feilden, F.G.S. With an 

 Appendix by Prof. T. G. Bonney, D.Sc, F.ll.S., V.P.G.S. 

 (Bead June 24th, 18U0.) 



Con-tents. p age 



1. Proof of Changes of Level in Northern Norway 721 



2. Terrace-making in Jvolguev Island 7-4 



3. Glacial Geology of the Kola Peninsula 72(> 



4. Novaya Zemlya 731 



5. Franz Josef Land 738 



6. Spitsbergen 739 



1. Proof of Changes of Level in Northern Norway. 



So much has been written about the glacial geology of Northern 

 Norway by great authorities that I should have refrained from 

 discussing the subject had I not recently heard a paper 2 read at a 

 Meeting of this Society, in which the author suggested that the 

 terraces in the transverse fiords of North-western Norway would 

 be perfectly explained by the formation of ice-dammed lakes. The 

 author, however, admitted that the authenticated occurrence of 

 marine organisms in these raised beaches would be a conclusive 

 argument against his views. I have never made any special study 

 of the phenomena connected with the secular upheaval of Arctic 

 Norway, for I had always been under the impression that few 

 geological facts were more generally accepted as well established 

 than the recent elevation of land in Arctic latitudes, including 

 Northern Norway. My observations are consequently somewhat 

 cursory, but I do not remember landing on any of the more con- 

 siderable islands north of the Arctic Circle, that form the ' Skjergaard' 

 ot Norway, without noticing traces of recent elevation and deposits 

 containing abundantly shells of mollusca of the same species as 

 those that now inhabit the adjacent sea. The same holds good of the 

 ' Westeraalen,' and I observed last summer a well-defined raised 

 beach near the settlement of Eissohavn, on the island of Ando, full 

 of the shells of recent mollusca ; this beach was overiain by 4 feet 

 of peaty soil, in which grew birch-trees. 



The lofty chain of the Lofoten Islands has not been buried under 

 an ice-cap. Their sharply peaked and serrated mountain-tops, rising 

 from the sea to altitudes between 2000 and 3000 feet, present no 

 evidence of ever having been overwhelmed by the Scandinavian ice- 

 sheet. There are, however, unmistakable signs that at one period 

 of their history great glaciers filled their valleys. The celebrated 

 Trold Fiord near the western entrance of Raft Sund, the channel 

 between Eastern Vaago and Hindo, is a narrow but majestic fiord with 



1 For Part I., read Nov. 20th, 1896, s.-c this volume, p. .'>L\ 

 - Eoulger, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. li. (1895) p. 41M. 



