726 COL. H. W. FEtLDEN ON THE GLACIAL GEOLOGY [Nov. 1 896, 



for considerable lengths, \ to 1 mile, according to the nature of the 

 shore. 



Now, supposing what I saw happened, as it must often do, in the 

 autumn, at a time of great snow-precipitation, this newly-formed 

 terrace would be strongly protected, and when the sea washed against 

 it would rapidly be turned into ice, for snow absorbs sea- water with 

 marvellous rapidity, and the terrace would be enveloped in a mantle 

 as hard as glacier-ice. Supposing that this occurred accompanied 

 by emergeuce of the land, we have found here one cause for rapid 

 construction of terraces. That this does happen I have no doubt, 

 for where I saw the terrace made, namely, between the Gosina 

 and Kriva rivers, there were three other terraces standing behind this 

 last-formed one. The oldest of these was apparently above the 

 influence of present high tides, being about 100 yards inland, some 

 6 feet in depth, and possessing a perfect slope. For most of its 

 extent this terrace was covered by a protecting mantle of neve, 

 which was only bared at intervals ; but in these places it showed 

 perfectly regular terrace-structure. 



S. Glacial Geology of the Kola Peninsula. 



As we sail eastward along the JVlurmau coast of Russian Lapland, 

 we see on our right hand a bold and precipitous country. Its highest 

 summits appear to rise to 500 or 600 feet. The hills are planed down 

 to a general level, and no peaked mountain breaks the monotouy 

 of the scene. In bays and indentations, immense raised beaches 

 are noticeable, especially to the westward of Cape Cherni. Sviatoi 

 Nos is the prominent headland which marks the entrance to the 

 White Sea when approaching from the westward. This promontory 

 forms the eastern side of Sviatonoskaia Bay, and the Ukanskoe 

 Biver enters its south-western angle. Here the river is about \ 

 mile wide and is navigable for vessels of small draught for 3| miles, 

 when the rapids commence and the tidal influence ceases. From 

 the entrance of the river to the rapids it is more correctly a fiord, 

 flanked on each side by steep heights of granitic, gneissoid, and 

 dioritic rock, 1 which rise to an elevation of 250 or 300 feet. A 

 remarkable feature in this fiord is a ridge of large boulders which 

 lines either shore to the height of 20 feet or more. It does not 

 seem credible that tidal influence could have ranged the boulders in 

 their present position, although the rise at spring-tides is 14 feet. 



These boulders are of the same lithological character as the rocks 

 in the neighbourhood. On ascending to the uplands from the banks 

 of the Ukanskoe, an elevation of some 300 feet, we find a sombre 

 grey, monotonous expanse of ice-worn land with hardly any 

 surface-soil. There are hills, and eminences, and escarpments of 

 rock, with undulations and swellings in this rock-surface, but the 

 highest points are probably not more than 600 feet above sea-level, 

 and 500 feet, measured by aneroid, was the greatest elevation that 



1 See Appendix by Prof. Bonney, p. 712. 



