Vol. 52.] OP ARCTIC EUROPE AND ITS ISLANDS. 737 



there are many low islands of columnar basalt which have been 

 polished by the ice driving over them. I do not recollect whether 

 the ends of these islands had beeD worn away or whether they 

 were connected by ridges/ 



I have observed several minor phenomena connected with glacial 

 geology in Novaya Zemlya on which I should like to make some 

 remarks. There is a peculiar phase of rock-erosion which a photo- 

 graph shows better than any words can explain. The large lake 



Fig. 10. — View on the Neckwatowa River, Novaya Zemlya, ivhere it 

 issues from Wilczek Lake (showiny rock-erosion). 



[From a photograph by H. J. Pearson, 1895.] 



of Neckwatowa, which is on the western side of Novaya Zemlya 

 in lat. 71° 20' N., communicates with the sea by a passage that has 

 been cut through hard limestone-rocks thrown up almost vertically. 

 The fossils in these are so badly preserved that it is not possible to 

 indicate their precise age. (In connexion with this will be found 

 a report by Mr. E. T. Newton, F.K.S., in Prof, lionney's Appendix.) 

 This channel is about a mile in length, and from 80 to 100 yards 

 in width ; the walls on either side are precipitous, and their height 

 is 40 to 50 feet. There can be little doubt that the channel has 

 been cut out by the water and ice passing from Neckwatowa Lake 

 to the sea. (See fig. 10.) It will be noticed in the photograph that 



