Yol. 52.] PLIOCENE DEPOSITS OF HOLLAND. 773" 



somewhat similar conditions a similar area. If this was so we may 

 perhaps provisionally regard the pebbly graved of East Anglia as 

 one, though not a strictly continuous formation, the greater part of 

 them being older, while perhaps some of them are newer than 

 the Cromer Beds. It does not seem possible to map them in any 

 other way, as it is almost impossible to distinguish between such 

 deposits. While, therefore, the position of the Weybourn and Dure 

 Valley Crag can be correctly ascertained, all that can be said with 

 certainty as to some of these unfossiliferous gravels is that they are 

 newer than the Chillesford Clay and older than the Contorted 

 Drift. 1 



Sir Joseph Prestwich correlates his Westleton Series with some 

 gravels in the South of England, principally on the ground that 

 they contain pebbles of a similar character. Without expressing 

 any opinion as to the correctness of this view, I may again suggest 

 that this does not necessarily imply that these deposits are syn- 

 chronous. 



No strata equivalent to the Weybourn Crag have been met with 

 in the Dutch borings. Tellina balthica occurs in the upper part, 

 but in beds which Dr. Lorie regards as post-Glacial. 2 



The deposition of the Weybourn and Bure Valley Crag was- 

 followed by that of the strata which have been so admirably worked 

 out by Mr. B-eid, generally known by the unfortunate name of the 

 ' Forest Bed Series.' These deposits, from which so many remains 

 of mammalia have been obtained, are exposed only along the coast, 

 and do not extend to any great distance inland. Consisting of 

 freshwater, estuarine, and marine deposits, they represent a late 

 stage in the Pliocene period, and the final emergence of East 

 Anglia from the Pliocene sea. It is, perhaps, worthy of notice that 

 the south-western margin of the area occupied by these beds is 

 roughly parallel to that of the Chillesford Clay, and the conditions 

 under which the earlier portions of them were deposited may have 

 been similar. From Holland to Norfolk at least the basin of the 

 North Sea had been converted into land, while an estuary occupied 

 a position similar to that of the Chillesford Clay, but somewhat 

 farther to the east. The river which flowed into this estuary came, 

 as did that of the Chillesford Clay, from the south, 3 and brought 

 with it not only the drifted and fragmentary portions of skeletons 

 and teeth of mammalia (principally elephants), including the 

 hippopotamus, and other forms characteristic of a warmer climate 

 than that which obtained generally daring the Newer Pliocene period, 

 but also the southern shells Cy react jlaminalis, Hydrobia maryinata, 



1 Mr. H. B. Woodward says that the beds at Westleton are newer than the 

 Lower Glacial Brick-earth. 



2 This species is included in Dr. Lorie's list of fossils from Utrecht, but 

 both Mr. Reid and I have examined the specimens, and think that this is a 

 mistake. 



3 See also Reid, Mem. Geol. Surv. Cromer, 1882, p. 57. This river must have 

 passed over some part of Holland, and at some future time the equivalent of 

 the mammaliferous beds of the Cromer coast may be met with in that countr y- 



