Vol. 52.] ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. lxxiii 



the Swedish State Museum, with the associated title of Professor 

 to the Academy of Sciences, to which he was appointed in 1841. 

 He fulfilled the duties of this office for the long period of 51 years, 

 retiring in 1892, when the natural infirmities of age disabled him 

 from further service. One of the duties assigned to the Intendants 

 of the Museum was the preparation of an annual report, including 

 a record of the general progress in the particular branch of 

 science to which each belonged ; in doing this Loven brought out a 

 fairly complete report of the zoological and palaeontological litera- 

 ture of the Lower Invertebrata for the years 1840-49, in three 

 thick volumes. The great increase of scientific literature after this 

 latter date would have needed all the time of the Intendant to keep 

 a proper record of it, and therefore the obligation was abolished. 



Loven's repeated journeys across Sweden by way of the Gota canal, 

 from Stockholm to Bohuslan on the west coast, gave him an oppor- 

 tunity of studying the geology of the country, and so intimately 

 was he acquainted with it that (on Berzelius's recommendation) he 

 accompanied Sir Roderick Murchison from Goteborg to Stockholm, 

 bringing under his notice the best known Silurian localities in 

 Eastern and Western Gotland. The friendship then formed was 

 pleasantly renewed some ten years later, when he met Murchison 

 and the late Prof. John Morris at Marienbad. 



The critical knowledge possessed by Loven of the Mollusca of the 

 Arctic and North Seas enabled him to recognize the distinctly 

 Arctic character of the shells in the Glacial deposits of Sweden, 

 now elevated considerably above the sea-level. He first pointed 

 out, in 1839, this evidence of the former presence of an ice-cold sea 

 over parts of Sweden. Later on, in 1860, he published several 

 papers on certain Crustacea and fishes, now living in the larger 

 inland lakes of Sweden, which were shown to be the descendants' 

 of forms inhabiting Arctic seas, constituting a relict-fauna which 

 had thus survived the changes of habitat and climate. 



Loven's researches on the Mollusca continued up to 1860 ; from 

 then onwards to the close of his career, a period of over 30 years, 

 his energies were devoted to the study of Echinodermata. His 

 renown as a biologist will mainly rest on his magnificent work on 

 the Echinoidea, as shown in the two principal memoirs ' Etudes sur 

 les Echinoides,' published in 1874, and ' On Pourtalesia, a genus of 

 Echinoidea,' in 1883. Among the authors who have most clearly 

 illustrated the developmental history and the organic relations of 

 .the Echinoidea, Sven Loven will stand in the foremost rank. 



From his early days Loven recognized the intimate reciprocal 



