HOLLAND AND PETERSON: OSTEOLOGY OF THE CHALICOTHEROIDEA. 401 
as those of Ancylotherium, though the deeply divided terminal phalanges are more hoof- 
shaped and lessclaw-like. The articular surface of the first phalanges at their proxi- 
mal end terminates abruptly and is not advanced on the anterior extremity as much 
as in Ancylotherium. The fore limbs of Macrothervum are considerably longer than 
the hind limbs; the humerus is longer and not so stocky as in Ancylothervum and without 
an olecranal fossa. The ulna and radius are slender; the olecranon of the ulna short. 
The carpus is composed of two series of moderately elongated bones, the os magnum 
larger than in the case of Ancylotheriwm, articulating with the lunar and the scaphoid. 
The tibia is only half as long as the radius. The caleaneum has a strongly developed 
sustentaculum, the astragalus is distally truncate, very low and broad, the anterior 
and upper articular condyle weakly furrowed. The navicular and cuboid are 
low. The metatarsals are only half as long as the metacarpals and like the latter 
increase in diameter from within outwardly. 
Chalicotherium Kaup (Nestoritherium Kaup, Ancylotheriwum Gaudry). Figs. 253, 
254. Dental formula I. 5 C. =a: Pm. 5 M. 2 
below increase in size from before backwards. The upper molars are very like those 
of Paleosyops; the W-shaped outer wall consisting of two V-shaped eminences; both 
inner cusps are conical, the posterior cusp decidedly weaker than the anterior, and 
generally united with the outer cusp by anarrow crest. The upper premolars are smaller 
and simpler in structure than the molars, the outer wall lightly indented and only 
an inner cusp being present. All of the three lower molars are formed of two V-shaped 
The cheek-teeth both above and 
crescents opening inwardly and at the points where they unite developing two small 
pointed cusps. Incisors and canines are wanting in the upper jaw; the lower jaw 
possesses occasionally a small canine tooth separated from the anterior premolar by a 
diastema; the lower incisors are wanting or are at most very feebly developed. The 
skull is characterized by a short muzzle with the naria! openings extending but a short 
distance backwardly; the nasal bones are broad and projecting. The frontals and 
parietals unite to form a broad, smooth, ascending cranium without sagittal crest; 
the very stout zygoma has its origin far back; the orbits are small and not enclosed. 
The symphysis of the mandible is short and thin. Upper Miocene. Ch. goldfussi, 
Kaup (Eppelsheim near Worms and Siebenhirten near Vienna), Ch. pachygnathus 
Wagner (Pikermi), Ch. baltavarense Pethé (Baltavar, Hungary), Ch. swalense Fale. 
(Siwalik Hills), Ch. sinense Owen (China). 
At Eppelsheim, Pikermi, and on the Island of Samos a number of different bones of 
Chalicotherium have been found which hitherto have generally been regarded as the 
remains of Edentata. Cuvier designated a claw-like phalanx from Eppelsheim as 
Pangolin (Manis) gigantesque. Similar phalanges and nearly complete extremities 
were described by Gaudry, Lartet, and Hensel from Pikermi as Ancylothervum. The 
fore and hind limbs of Chalicotherium (Ancylotherium) are robust, nearly of equal length, 
