BONE-CAVES IN NOKTH WALES. 7 



lithic, but as this portion has been open during modern times, it 

 may even possibly be of much later date. Under about 6 inches of 

 a breccia (2) made up of angular fragments of limestone, the reddish 

 cave-earth (3) containing the remains was found in an apparently 

 undisturbed condition. It had an average depth here of about 2 feet. 

 Bones occurred in it in considerable abundance, chiefly lying hori- 

 zontally or but slightly inclined. Under the reddish cave-earth was 

 found a yellowish band, not stalagmitic, but yet more coherent than 

 the cave-earth, and seeming, from its appearance, to indicate that 

 it had been the floor of the den. Under this was a gravelly material 

 (4) made up mainly of fragments derived from the hills above, and 

 containing no bones. In the lower part of this deposit some large 

 angular fragments of limestone occurred, and these also seemed to 

 fill up a narrow fissure-like space below the deposit. Between this 

 point and the chamber C (fig. 2) there was a greater accumulation of 

 surface-soil, but the other deposits occurred much as in fig. 3 (sect. 2). 

 Near D a flint implement was discovered under the stalagmitic 

 breccia, in close proximity to a large portion of the jaw with teeth 

 of a E,hinoceros, which unfortunately fell to pieces in being removed. 

 Some large fragments of limb-bones of Mammoth were also found at 

 this point, but they were so friable that they could not be removed 

 entire. The chamber which forms a communication between the 

 tunnel-cavern D, and the fissure-cavern E (see figs. 2 and 4), seems as 



Fig. 4. — Vertical Section (Sect. 1) across cliamher^ Sfc.^ Ffynnon Beuno 

 Cave. (Scale, 20 feet to 1 inch.) 



^^-M.. 



o. Opening in roof above fissure-cavern. 



B. West tunnel. 



if it had been, in parts, artificially made during mining-operations in 

 order to reach the shaft F. Its floor also is at a much higher level 

 than are the floors in other parts of the caverns. All the materials 



