DR. H. POHLIG ON FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 181 



inferior to E. meridionalis, and still more to E. aatiquus. The 

 pigmy forms existing of E. primigenius^ as well as of E. antiquus, 

 have partially or entirely lost the characters of a distinct local race, 

 having anew communicated with the primitive form over a wide 

 territory. The Mammoth is most nearly allied to the existing 

 Indian species, but nevertheless it is quite distinct specifically from 

 the latter. 



6. Under the name of Elephas trogoutherii^ Pohlig, I have 

 described European molars which hold a middle place, both zoolo- 

 gically and geologically, between those of E. 'primigenius and 

 E. meridionalis, most closely approaching those of E. antiquus in 

 the ridge-formula, but differing more from them than from the 

 other two in the form of the crown. The position of E, trogontlierii 

 with regard to E. armeniacus, Falc, and E. namadicus, Falc, still 

 remains to be investigated. In craniology and dentition E. meridio- 

 nalis and E. 'primigenius are directly allied by E. trogontlierii. 



7. The supposition of a " praeantepenultimus " in the milk- 

 molar series inferred by Falconer and Leith Adams, has no foun- 

 dation. 



8. I distribute the Elephants, in accordance with the forms of 

 the tooth-crowns and the ridge- formulae, into : — 



Archidiscodonts (E. planifrons, meridionalis) ; Loxodonts {E. 

 africanus, ? antiquus) ; and Polydiscodonts ; (E. jprimigeniuSy 

 indicus, &c.) ; arranging the Stegodonts, like Clift, with Mastodon. 



Discussion. 



Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins referred to the difficulty of discussing 

 species from names only without seeing the specimens. With regard 

 to Mr. Lydekker's paper he said that the Maragha mammalia be- 

 longed to the same fauna as those of Pikermi, and that it was 

 interesting to find them occurring so far to the east. He felt 

 doubtful, however, whether they belonged to the Pliocene, which is 

 always defined by the appearance of a few living species of the 

 higher mammalia among the extinct species. There are no living 

 mammals in Prof. Pohlig's list. He stated that he is at present en- 

 gaged in the examination of a large collection formed by Mr. Calvert 

 in the Troad, and this he found to contain Giraffes, Mastodons, and 

 Hipparions identical with Pikermi forms. This discovery connected 

 the find in Attica with that near the Caspian. The speaker agreed 

 with Prof. Gaudry in regarding this deposit as Upper Miocene 

 rather than Lower Pliocene. The occurrence at Maragha of Rhino- 

 ceroses with low crowns, like B. ScJdeiermacheri, which are Miocene 

 in France and Spain, seemed to be conclusive upon this point, as 

 that form is Lower Miocene. The absence of the genus EUjphas 

 was also of importance. Mr. Lydekker had mentioned the Hyopo- 

 tamus. This animal is found only in the Lower Miocene deposits 

 of Europe and America, and it has not as yet been found in asso- 

 ciation with any animals belonging to the same fauna as that of 

 Pikermi. 



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