442 ME. B. M. DEELEI ON THE PLEISTOCENE 



The second class of Boulder-clays has been so ably described by 

 Professor J. Geikie, in his ' Great Ice Age,' that there is little to 

 add to his description. It generally consists of smaU broken 

 fragments of rock confusedly commingled and often presenting a 

 banded or streaky appearance which, from a distance, much resembles 

 stratification. Where it rests upon Pleistocene sands, or even older 

 rocks, these rocks are forcibly contorted or puckered, the puckers 

 running, roughly, transversely to the flow of the ice which formed 

 them. The proportion of unstriated and angular boulders is also 

 much greater than in the aqueous Boulder-clay. 



The third variety is frequently a very puzzling deposit, especially 

 when it has been formed by the destruction of Boulder- clay which 

 contained beds of sand or brick-earth ; for it then contains pockets 

 of unstratified sand mixed in every conceivable state of confusion 

 with fine clay and broken-up rock. 



Yery few deposits of the fourth class occur in the lower country, 

 but they are to be seen in the higher valleys of the Pennine Hills. 



The following is the classification of the Pleistocene deposits 

 adopted in this paper : — 



Newer Pleistocene Epoch. 



Later Pennine Boulder-clay. 

 Interglacial Eiver-gravel. 



Middle Pleistocene Epoch. 



Chalky Gravel. 



Great Chalky Boulder- clay. 



Melton Sand. 



Older Pleistocene Epoch. 



Middle Pennine Boulder-clay. 



Quartzose Sand. 



Early Pennine Boulder-clay. 



II. Oldee Pleistocene Epoch. 



1. Early Pennine Boulder-clay. 



2. Quartzose Sand. 



3. Middle Pennine Boulder-clay. 



The Older Pleistocene series consists of two distinct Boulder- 

 clays separated from each other by false-bedded gravel, sand, or 

 brick-earth. As nearly all the rock-fragments occurring in these 

 deposits are derived from the Derbyshire hiUs, or from rocks 

 in their immediate neighbourhood, I have called the glacial clays 

 Early Penuine Boulder-clay and Middle Pennine Boulder-clay, to 

 denote their Pennine origin. They are separated from each other 

 by the Quartzose Sand. This sand passes down in some cases into a 

 brick-earth with seams of strong cla}^ which, in its turn, graduates 

 into Early Pennine Boulder-clay. The wide area over which the 



