476 MPv. K. M. DEELEY ON THE PLEISTOCENE 



to the Great Chalky Boulder-clay stage, a fair percentage of Car- 

 boniferous rock-debris ; not only is this not the case, but northerly 

 and westerly rocks predominate. Indeed the direction of the ice- 

 flow which formed this Boulder-clay was what we should expect 

 from the distribution of the present British hills, and not from a 

 flow from the east or north-east such as gave rise to the Great 

 Chalky Boulder-clay. The flints were derived from the gravel of 

 the previous stage. Among the distant erratics Mr. Mackintosh 

 has detected felstone from Mount Arenig in North Wales, granite 

 from CrifFel in Scotland, and granite from Esk Dale in Cumberland. 



North of Staiford, near the Marl-Pit House, a pit in the Keuper 

 exposes a layer of reddish Boulder-clay with quartz pebbles and 

 flint. In some cases the gravelty masses have been thrust into the 

 marl to a depth of seven feet. 



At Walton Heath, near Stone, an excavation shows ten feet of red 

 morainic Boulder-clay with quartz, quartzite, gritstone, sandstone, 

 and an occasional flint. 



About four miles north-east by east of Stone, in a brick-yard near 

 the " Bird in Hand,'*' Older Pleistocene Boulder-clay is covered by 

 about ten feet of red gravelly Boulder-clay with flint. 



In East Stafl'ordshire the Later Pennine Boulder-clay may be 

 seen in many sections ; but the Cambrian and Scotch erratics so 

 plentifully spread over the west of the country are replaced by 

 Carboniferous boulders from the Pennine Hills. Along the river- 

 escarpments the Boulder-clay is generally a deposit formed by the 

 destruction of old river-gravels, or, on the higher lands, by the 

 breaking up of Chalky Gravel. 



North-west of Uttoxeter a pit exposes nine or ten feet of gravelly 

 moraine, quite unstratified. The pebbles stand at all angles in a 

 matrix of red marl. Flints are tolerably plentiful. The boulders, 

 though generally well rounded, are sometimes quite angular. 



South of Uttoxeter, and in the neighbourhood of Abbots Bromley, 

 many exposures show the Chalky Gravel either partially or wholly 

 converted into Boulder-clay. 



The high-level terrace overlooking the Trent near Wichnor, at a 

 height of about fifty feet above the river, is capped by about seven 

 feet of disturbed gravel. In some places the disturbance is so great 

 that the Keuper marl rises in pointed masses into the gravel to a 

 height of at least six feet. Sometimes the masses of red marl appear 

 to have been quite detached from the rock below and imbedded in 

 the gravel. The deposit extends as far as Barton Green, where 

 ccood sections may also be seen. As the disturbed gravel is here 

 almost perfectly horizontal, the contortions could not have been 

 formed by soil- cap motion. 



South of Tutbury, near where the road crosses a brook, half a 

 mile from Belmott Green, boulders of Mountain Limestone are im- 

 bedded a few feet deep in the marl. There is a similar but much 

 larger accumulation of erratic boulders in Mr, Hodge's brick-yard, 

 near Burton -on-Trent. This pit has been opened out on the side 

 of a small lateral valley of the Trent formed in interglacial times. 



