394 NEW Y ORK STATE MUSEUM 



Areal distribution 



Drumlins have an irregular and apparently capricious distribution 

 over the glaciated territory of Europe and America and over large 

 areas seem to be entirely wanting. None have been reported from 

 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, the Dakotas, southern Michigan 

 and most of Iowa. They are at least very rare in Pennsylvania and 

 New Jersey. In Maine they are not infrequent but are inferior in 

 numbers and size to those found southwestward. 



There seem to be three regions of great drumlin development in 

 the United States. The New England area includes southern New 

 Hampshire, where Upham has mapped nearly 700 drumlins ; Massa- 

 chusetts with 1800, as described by Barton ; and a southward 

 extension of the area across Connecticut. The Michigan area 

 includes the eastern part of Wisconsin and adjacent territory in 

 Michigan, where Chamberlin estimates that there are 5000 drumlins ; 

 also east of the north end of Lake Michigan in the Grand Traverse 

 district. The third area is the subject of this paper. 



Drumlins have been noted in the southern part of Canada by 

 G. F. Matthew, in Manitoba and Athabasca by J. B. Tyrrell, and are 

 said to occur in Nova Scotia. 



The drumlins of Ireland are the type forms and are briefly described 

 at the close of this paper [p. 435-36]. Drumlins also occur in 

 the Clyde valley in Scotland, and in the Lake Country of England 

 as described by Upham [titles for 1898, p. 439]. In the low grounds 

 of Switzerland they are said to occur ; also in northern Germany on 

 the island of Riigen and east of the lower part of the river Oder. 

 Dr Keilhack has described in the latter area a group of 3000 

 drumlins. 1 They are said to be disposed radially, facing a looped 

 marginal moraine, covering a belt 6 by 20 to 40 miles. 



In Scandinavia drumlins have escaped notice, unless certain clay 

 ridges in Sweden, noted by James Geikie, 2 represent drumlinized 

 surface. 



When it is recognized that typical drumlin or drumlin ridges are 

 only the most emphatic of a variety of forms produced by the rub- 

 bing of ground-contact ice under thrust motion [see p. 429], and 

 that on the one hand these forms shade off into indefinite flutings or 



1 Keilhack, K. Jahrbuch K. Preuss. geol. I andesanstalt. 1896. p. 163-88. 



2 Earth Sculpture. 1898. p. 234. 



