Vol. 62.] CHALK AND DRIFT IN MOEN. 485 



existed before the Drift came. Here, at any rate, the Drift- 

 inclusions must have been introduced into pre-existing cavities. 

 These cavities were not caused by ice-thrust or by post-Glacial earth- 

 movements. 



Dronningstolen is a long cliff, more than 400 feet high, of much- 

 disturbed and fractured Chalk. Two fissures are conspicuous on 

 the face. They start from a hollow on the cliff-edge and diverge 

 right and left, running down through some half the height of the 

 vertical chalk-wall. At two or three points they widen out into 

 large cavities ; but ultimately they die away in cracks. The shapes 

 of the cavities are not such as would be expected from dislocation 

 b} r ice-thrust or earth-movement. Examination showed that the 

 roof of the largest one was undulating, arched, waterworn. Here, 

 therefore, are fissures enlarged by percolation of water. But the 

 hollow from which they start, the fissures themselves, and the 

 cavities, are filled with Drift. These cavities must have existed 

 before the Drift came : they are formed in fractures, consequently 

 the fractures must be older than the Drift. 



The cliff of Dronningstolen is ended on the north by a deep 

 gully. Beyond this projects the headland called Forchhammers 

 Pynt : the southern face of this is a vertical white wall, which drops 

 into the gully about 200 feet above the sea, and the same distance 

 below the summit. On this white face, at some height above the 

 gully-bed, is a patch of stones, apparently plastered on to the face. 

 The stones are large, some measuring a foot across. Examination 

 shows that the end of the patch is overhung, and to some extent 

 overarched, by the Chalk. So, here again, there seems to be a 

 waterworn cavity. But the gully is filled with Drift, which extends 

 continuously from the beach to the top of the cliff, and itself 

 contains large stones. Thus the stone-patch and gully appear to be 

 relics of a clay-filled fissure, and corroborate the conclusion that the 

 disturbances are considerably older than the Drift. This is fatal to 

 Johnstrup's theory that the thrust of the ice-sheet was their cause, 

 and fatal to the general assumption of their Glacial or post-Glacial 

 age. 



Waterworn cavities must arise in a shattered mass of Chalk such 

 as Moens Klint, for water percolating along lines of fracture must 

 enlarge them into clefts and cavities. This process must still be 

 going on. The singularly-irregular hill-surface has many dry 

 basins. 1 The water which might gather in these, but does not, 

 must find its way along subterranean channels. Some of it issues 

 by the spring of Maglevand, the most copious along the cliffs. 

 This breaks out about 100 feet below the cliff-edge, and pours quite 

 a considerable stream down to the sea. 



Besides the three cases of Drift-inclusions just described, many 

 others occur, belonging to several types. There are notches filled 

 with Drift, as one on the face of Hylledals Klint, which was 



1 Noticed by Puggaarc], 



