488 THE REV. E. HILL ON THE [Aug. I906, 



way, wind and rain have eaten out a cavity in the softer Chalk. The 

 beds are vertical, the pinnacle being one result of this bedding, so 

 the face may be a harder bed. As erosion proceeds, some hollows 

 will join and produce projections. Like projections and hollows, 

 if existing when the Drift was laid down, would form shelters for 

 it, and when denudation commenced would long preserve remnants. 

 Such may be the explanation of some among the isolated Drift- 

 patches on the Chalk-cliffs. 



Moen has sometimes been cited as a parallel to Cromer. In 

 truth, the two are contrasts. At Cromer we see long cliffs of soft 

 Drift containing here and there masses of included Chalk. Moens 

 Klint shows long and lofty stretches of solid Chalk-cliffs, containing 

 here and there appearances which resemble portions of included 

 Drift. However, beyond the Chalk-cliffs, both to the north and to the 

 south, the overlying mantle of Drift forms a bank above the beach 

 which gradually sinks to sea-level. In this Drift, more than a mile 

 away from the Chalk in a northerly direction, ma} r be seen two 

 or three boulders of Chalk measuring several feet in length. One 

 in particular lies obliquely, and has bedded sands attached to it 

 both above and below, quite like some of the Cromer Chalk-boulders. 

 This isolated instance of likeness in the associated Drift serves to 

 emphasize the contrast between the solid continuous chalk-face of 

 Moens Klint and our Cromer cliffs. 



The explanation, then, of the seeming Drift-inclusions in Moens 

 Klint, appears to be that the Klint is a range of Chalk-hills, pre- 

 Glacially disturbed, scarped, and eroded, over which in Glacial 

 times a mantle of Drift was laid down. Of that Drift which lay 

 against the scarp we see relics remaining in valleys, as we see 

 Boulder-Clay occupying bays along the Yorkshire coast. It filled 

 pre-existing tunnels, cavities, recesses, and fissures in the shattered 

 and eroded Chalk : in these also relics of it remain. Had the cliffs 

 of Yorkshire been dislocated and shattered as have been those of 

 Swanage and Lulworth, the phenomena of Moen, instead of being 

 unique, might be common on the Yorkshire coast. 



Discussion. 



The Chairman (Mr. A. Strahan) remarked on a section which 

 had been shown to him in South Wales by Mr. Tiddeman. There, in 

 an inaccessible spot, a band of Boulder-Clay presented a perfect 

 illusion of being interstratified with Coal-Measure sandstones. The 

 clay, as a matter of fact, was lodged on a shelf which had been 

 formed by the weathering-out of a soft bed. The photographs 

 which had been exhibited by the Author well illustrated his con- 

 tention that there was a contrast between Moen and Cromer in 

 respect of the relations of the Chalk-masses to the Drift. 



Mr. A. P. Young thought that the remarkable series of grooves 

 on the surface of the Chalk, to which the Author had called attention, 

 might be compared with structures in the Alps known as karren- 

 felder, said to be due to irrigation by water from melting snows. 



