Vol. 62.] ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. lxxi 



' In no case that has come under my notice,' says he (op. cit. p. 37), ' does the 

 dip, or present inclination, of the New Eed fall short of the amount of 

 inclination of the surface that rises from beneath it in the direction of the 

 Lake District. The angle of the dip denotes the degree of tilting the rocks 

 have undergone since they were laid down. Depress the inclined surface that 

 rises from beneath the New Eed sufficiently to level the newer rock, and you 

 would lower the highest mountains of the Lake District far below the sea- 

 level. In other words, to tilt the New Eed to the angle it now lies at, the 

 whole of the central core of Precarboniferous rocks had to be lifted up four or 

 five thousand feet after the New Eed was formed. That is to say, the upheaval 

 that caused the tilting is of later date than the New Eed.' 



In a second paper, on ' The History of the Eden & of some Rivers 

 adjacent,' l Mr. Goodchild further argued that the uplift of the Lake 

 District was of Tertiary date, and that prior to this uplift the 

 Cretaceous rocks had extended over the site of the district. 



In 1889, 2 being then unaware of Mr. Goodchild's conclusions, 

 I suggested that the uplift which caused the present land-surface 

 might have begun so lately as the Tertiary Period, and that it might 

 be of the nature of a laccolitic dome. I gave further arguments 

 in favour of these suggestions, in a paper on ' The Waterways of 

 English Lakeland,' which appeared in the ' Geographical Journal ' 

 for 1896 (vol. vii, p. 602). Some of the views expressed in these 

 papers have also been put forward by Mr. Strahan in the Geological 

 Survey-Memoir treating of ' The Geology of the Country around 

 Kendal, Sedbergh, Bowness, & Tebay' (2nd ed. 1888). 



The problems which are attacked in the papers to which allusion 

 has been made are : (i) the nature of the uplift which produced the 

 dome ; (ii) the age of the uplift : and (iii) the connexion of the 

 radial drainage with that uplift. 



After the drainage was initiated, the production of the present 

 features was largely controlled by the characters of the rocks which 

 now form the central portion of the district ; and it is my object to 

 show that the present drainage has been modified owing to these 

 characters, although portions of the early drainage impressed upon 

 rocks newer than the Lower Palaeozoic strata may still be detected. 

 The district is comparable to a palimpsest, or, more correctly, might 

 be likened to a tablet once covered with wax, through which lines 

 were impressed by a style, and after the removal of the wax a fresh 

 set of lines has been engraved upon the actual surface of the tablet, 

 which, however, has not completely obliterated the earlier set. 



When discussing this portion of my subject I shall have occasion 



1 Trans. Cumb. & Westm. Assoc, no. xiv (1888-89) p. 73. 



2 Geol. Mag. dec. iii, vol. vi, p. 150. 



