Yol. 62.] ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OP THE PRESIDENT. lxxxiii 



correlated with the Lower Scar Limestone of Ingleborough, the basal 

 Carboniferous deposit over the greater part of that region. 



Study of the fossils by Prof. Garwood bears out this view. It 

 would seem, then, that so far from the Lake District having been an 

 island in early Carboniferous times, its eastern part, at any rate, 

 was submerged before the tract of land lying farther to the east 

 and south. 



Upon these early beds were deposited the great mass of Lower 

 Carboniferous rocks, consisting of limestones and shales, and 

 subsequently the Millstone Grit and Coal-Measures of Upper 

 Carboniferous times. Had the district existed as land during the 

 deposition of the Lower Carboniferous beds, one would certainly 

 expect to find more detrital material in these rocks surrounding 

 the district than is actually the case. 



(d) The Movements at the End of Carboniferous Times and 

 Accumulation of the Permo-Triassic Rocks. 



Ere the deposition of any Permian rocks in the North of England, 

 upheaval and denudation took place through Permo-Carboniferous 

 times (and probably also during the closing stages of the Carboni- 

 ferous Period), and profoundly affected the conditions in the 

 Lakeland area. The earth-movement gave rise to the Pennine 

 anticline with its general north-and- south trend, and to the 

 complex anticline with an east-and-west axis passing through 

 North Lancashire and North-West Yorkshire. As the result of 

 these movements and the accompanying denudation, the Lower 

 Carboniferous rocks of Northern England were arranged in a 

 cruciform manner, with coalfields between the arms of the cross — 

 the Northumbrian field on the north-east, that of Yorkshire, Derby- 

 shire, and Nottinghamshire on the south-east, that of Lancashire 

 and North Staffordshire on the south-west, and that of Cumberland 

 on the north-west. The movement was (at first) no doubt chiefly 

 responsible for the production of folding of the strata, although 

 even then subsidiary faulting probably occurred ; but there is still 

 a difference of opinion as to the period of important movement 

 along the lines of the great faults which are found in the neigh- 

 bourhood of Lakeland. 



About the period of deposition of the earliest Permian rocks of 

 the area faulting became an important factor, and the North of 

 England seems to have been cut up into blocks with the depressions, 



