Cii PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May I906, 



Scawfell region, usually inclined at a low angle, often produce 

 scars recalling those of the Carboniferous tracts of the adjacent 

 regions (save in one respect to be noted eventually), and similar 

 scars are often formed by the low-dipping lavas, as, for instance, 

 those of the hills south of Keswick, between Derwentwater and 

 the Helvellyn range, and those of the Eycott Group of lavas on the 

 northern margin of the district. But these scars are rare. Even 

 the harder rocks over the major part of the district usually occur 

 in eye-like masses rapidly dying out when traced laterally. I 

 believe that this is due to the constant occurrence of crushing 

 along lag-faults and tear-faults, and that the rocks where this 

 structure occurs are in truth affected by augen-structure on a 

 large scale. In no other way does it seem possible to account for 

 the comparative scarcity of terraced lines of cliff where the dip is 

 low, and although the rocks of the portions between the ' eyes ' are 

 usually masked by vegetation, such evidence as I have been able to 

 collect is in favour of the view just expressed. 



The greater shatter-belts, as already stated, affect the three 

 groups of rocks, although they are more easily studied among those 

 of the Volcanic Group than in the Skiddaw Slates and Upper Slates. 

 As, however, they are not confined to the Volcanic Group, we may 

 leave their consideration to the next section. 



The general uniformity of the ground occupied by the Upper 

 Slates, recalling that of the Skiddaw Slates, has already been 

 noticed. It is true that the Coniston Grits often stand out to a 

 greater extent than the other rocks, while the Bannisdale Slates, 

 consisting of thin gritty flags, frequently give rise to rocky ground ; 

 but these are matters of detail. 



V. Modification of the Old Drainage-Lines along 

 Shatter-Belts. 



The nature of the shatter-belts has already been discussed : it 

 remains to consider the influence which they have exerted upon 

 the present struct are of the region, and as this influence is most 

 readily detected in the area occupied by volcanic rocks, we shall 

 consider chiefly the features displayed in that area. 



Among the features most obvious to the casual observer are the 

 deep gashes, or ' rakes,' which often seam the mountain-sides, in 

 the form of straight deep gullies, usually dry, save in seasons of 

 flood. Many of these have been shown by Clifton Ward to occur 

 along dykes, but a very large number are found on inspection to 



