Vol. 62.] ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. ciii 



be cut along the minor shatter-belts. "Weathering must take place 

 along these belts to a far greater extent than over the ground 

 occupied by the more resistant rock which bounds them, and the 

 mass of weathered rock would tend to become waterlogged in wet 

 seasons, so that during those occasional periods of heavy local rain- 

 fall, locally known as ' cloud-bursts/ the weathered material would 

 tend to be cleared away and a rake initiated. This was probably 

 the origin of the well-known gullies on Blease Eell near Tebay 

 (in the rocks of the Upper Slates) which were formed in the course 

 of a few hours, about the year 1858 : 



' The rain excavated deep channels in the weathered rock of the hillside, and 

 spread the rubbish over some pasture-land below. 1 



I have elsewhere described a similar gully which has partly 

 destroyed the old Eoman Road on High Street. These gullies 

 frequently possess tributaries at the head, arranged like the out- 

 spread fingers of a hand, as seen near the foot of Wastwater, and 

 on the slopes of Base Brown above Seathwaite in Borrowdale. 

 Where two such rakes occur on opposite sides of a ridge, that 

 ridge becomes notched, such a notch being shown between the two 

 summits of the Langdale Pikes ; and, accordingly, hills composed of 

 nearly horizontally-bedded ashes which ought otherwise to possess 

 fairly-straight ridges are notched, as in the beautiful mountain- 

 screen at the head of Langdale as seen from Windermere. 



But it is in those cases where running water is still active, that 

 the influence of these shatter-belts is best appreciated, and to these 

 we may now turn. 



In my paper on the ' Waterways of English Lakeland ' in vol. viii 

 of the ' Geographical Journal ' (1896) I described a gorge in the 

 Langstrath Yalley, formed by glacial diversion. It is one of a series 

 occurring above the junction of Greenup Gill with the Langstrath 

 river, and is known as Black-Moss Dub. The main fissures of the 

 shatter-belt are clearly seen in the naked rock at the bottom of 

 the narrow gorge, which is 20 feet deep, the lower 11 feet being 

 occupied by water. At its summit occurs a waterfall, which has 

 obviously cut back along the belt. Here we have a case of erosion 

 to the depth of 20 feet in post-Glacial times. Just below this is 

 another case of diversion, where the water does not flow along a 



1 ' The Geology of the Country around Kendal, Sedbergh, Eowness, & 

 Tebay' Mem. Geol. Surv. 2nd ed. (1888) p. 51. 



