Yol. 62.] ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. Cxix 



valley. Proceeding southward from Sty-Head Tarn one ascends 

 gradually up the gently-sloping valley-floor, until on reaching the 

 watershed the ground falls steeply away to Lingmell Beck, which 

 flows into Wastwater. The bottom of the Lingmell valley is there 

 about 350 feet below the Sty-Head col. 



Lingmell Beck itself runs along an important shatter-belt. On 

 the other side of this belt are Peers Gill and Greta Gill, with deep 

 gorges which cut into old hanging valleys. The former may have 

 been always connected with the Wastwater drainage and the latter at 

 one time with the Sty-Head drainage, although the physical features 

 suggest that each drained into Sty Head, and that when the capture 

 took place, the streams working along minor shatter-belts were able 

 to incise deep gorges in and below the old hanging valleys. The 

 Peers-Gill stream, with its Z-shaped course through a valley which 

 seems to have been originally straight, forms an excellent illustration 

 on a small scale of the manner in which the course of a stream may 

 become modified owing to shatter-belts. 



Another feature seems to be also due, or partly due, to the 

 capture of the upper waters of the Sty-Head valley. The stream 

 that descends between the two Gables has brought down a vast 

 quantity of flood- material, which the diminished main stream has 

 been unable to carry away ; and accordingly its dry delta now 

 passes across the main valley at the foot of Sty-Head Tarn, either 

 entirely forming the tarn or increasing its depth and size. 



Having described in detail the various features connected with 

 shatter-belts and their influence upon hanging valleys, it will 

 be well to make a few general remarks about the latter, so far as 

 the Lake District is concerned. 



A large number of the hanging valleys of the district have been 

 shown to occur where there is strong evidence of the existence of 

 shatter-belts along the main valley, and not down the hanging valley : 

 and in many other cases the structure of the main valley suggests a 

 shatter-belt where the direct evidence is not so striking. 



These valleys are marked by the straightness of their courses and 

 absence of meanders. Where the shatter-belt has been directly 

 responsible for the formation of a valley, as in the Windermere 

 Troutbeck, the whole valley possesses a straight course. 



When valleys were initiated on the dome, not at first under the 

 influence of shatter-belts, they had established meanders, which 

 became incised, as in the cases of Upper Langdale, the Duddon 



