576 DR. H. HICKS ON THE 



that any portion of tlie material had heen conveyed in through 

 a swallow-hole, and the conditions witnessed throughout were 

 such as to preclude any such idea. The presence of Eeindeer 

 remains in these caverns, in conjunction with those of the so-called 

 Older Pleistocene Mammalia, showed that they had reached this 

 area long before the period of so-called submergence, and evidently 

 at an early stage in the Glacial period. Man, as is proved by the 

 implements found, was also present at this time : therefore it is 

 natural to suppose that he migrated into this area, in company with 

 the Eeindeer, from some northern source, as no direct evidence of 

 his presence at an earlier period in this country has as yet been 

 found. It is important to remember that Eeindeer-remains have 

 also been found in the oldest river-gravels in which implements 

 have been discovered. Although Man reached this country in 

 company with the Eeindeer and other northern animals, this does not, 

 of course, preclude the idea that he may also have reached it from 

 some eastern or southern source, perhaps even at an earlier period. 



Note. — Mr. De Eance, P.G.S., writes as follows: — "When I 

 assisted you in constructing the plan of the cave published in Quart. 

 Journ. Geol. Soc. Peb. 1886, the working-face was excavated to within 

 ten feet of the supposed chamber B of that plan, and the uppermost 

 deposit was a fine yellow sand, its surface being within six inches of 

 the roof-arch, and resembling the Glacial Drift sands of the pits in 

 the neighbourhood and those of Mostyn and Bagilt. There was no 

 trace of subsidence on the surface of the field above the point B. 

 In June 1886 the entrance to the cavern had been discovered, and 

 a vertical shaft, 20 feet deep, disclosed Boulder-clay resting on Drift- 

 sand, which passed continuously into the cavern itself, while the 

 underlying bone-earth similarly passed outside the cavern, and formed 

 the base of the cutting, as far as it was then carried. In June 1887 

 the pit in the Drift was cut still further back, the bone-earth still 

 continuing to form the base of the Glacial Drift; the north side 

 of the cutting was boarded up and considered dangerous. In 

 October of the same 3^ear the timbering had been removed ; on 

 the 10th of that month I accompanied Dr. Geikie, P.E.S., and a 

 vertical band of clay and sand on the west side of a mass of 

 limestone at the base of the north face of the pit was pointed out, 

 also a clay- joint against the vertical face of rock forming the side 

 of the hill adjacent to the mouth of the cavern. On the 11th 

 of October, in the presence of Mr. Edwin Morgan, J.P., I made 

 some excavations at the north side of the pit and three sketches of 

 the same. I found that the mass of limestone before referred to was 

 a tumbled rock from above, that bone-earth occurred behind it and 

 beyond it, and up to four inches above it, where occurred a tooth of 

 Hyaena, that above this occurred a horizontal band, five inches thick, 

 of washed sand passing directly up to the clay-pipe against the 

 limestone wall, and which afforded a sort of material for the sand- 

 pipe by the big block, the sand-bed passing across and cutting off 

 its upward prolongation." 



