n i 4 Nichtgehaltene Vorträge. 



tube, and externally a process reaches up between zygoma and 

 Mastoid. 



In Loris the temporal reaches the frontal or nearly so, I have 

 said that the temporal reaches the frontal in Cynocephalus anubis, 

 and Cynocephalus sphinx, in several Macaci, in some Semnopitheci, 

 in Gorilla sometimes, and in Chimpanzee and Orang, sometimes 

 in Man. 



The arrangement and homology of the ossicles cannot be 

 taken up here, nor the styloform apparatus in relation, with the 

 hyoid arch. 



Reichert, Gegenbaur, Kölliker and Wie- 

 d e r s h e i m hold that the Malleus and incus are products of 

 the mandibular arch; Parker, Kölliker and Wieders- 

 h e i m that the stapes is developed from the auditory capsule. 



Some aspects of Variation. 



By Professor R. J. Anderson (Galway, Irland). 



Varieties are catalogued under appropriate headings, so far 

 as one is satisfied with reference to their causes. The recurrence 

 of characters that have been supressed in some links of the des- 

 cending chain are appropriately grouped together. Changes re- 

 sulting from environment are sometines obvious enough, and these 

 also can be sorted out. 



In doing this it has been the occasional practice to look at 

 an animal, or a plant, as a chemical Solution on which the atmo- 

 sphere, or some chemical reagent, or force, light, heat, or elec- 

 tricity, or gravity, is allowed to act. The demeanour of organisms, 

 or their tissues, so far as their biological forces, or skill, perception, 

 and reflex assertion, or internal metabolism, as the result of alte- 

 ration of the energy that may directly or indirectly be brought to 

 bear on the organism, is left out. And this work is left out because 

 it is ill understood. It has been again and again stated that the 

 inquiry in many cases of Variation is largely f utile. With reference 

 to variations one tries to find out whether they have come by 

 inheritance, and whether they can be passed on to the next gene- 

 ration. The first may answer the second question, and the second 

 may (it is even said must) answer the first. 



The question some would like to see answered is, can an ani- 

 mal directly or indirectly, consciously or unconsciously, produce 

 a Variation in itself, or a tissue belonging to it, or can the tissues, 

 or part of an organism control its nutrition so as to obliterate, 

 alter, or reproduce an organ or part. This has been in part ans- 

 wered. Leaves and branches do sometimes give rise to new buds. 



