152 BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



8. Depth of the pubic symphysis 18 inches. It is 15 inches in No. 225, therefore 

 less than in the Asiatic. 



9. Acetabulum 6X6^ (linear), by tape along the floor of the cup 8^X 7^ inches. In 

 225 it is (linear) 8-5x9. The wide notch and flattened portion in front are pro- 

 nounced. 



10. Foramen ovale 6x4^ inches. In 225 it is 10"5x7. 



11. Girth of pubis midshaft 8| inches. 



12. Girth of ischium midshaft 9 inches. In No. 225 it is 12 inches. 



6. HUMERUS. 



Cuvier states that the humerus of the African is more slender than that of the Asiatic 

 Elephant, whilst De Blainville asserts that the long bones generally are stouter and shorter 

 than in the Elephant of Asia. Moreover, these two authorities further differ in opinion as 

 to the degree of saliency of the supinator ridge, Cuvier stating that it is less, and De 

 Blainville more, salient in the African as compared with the Asiatic. They agree that 

 the bicipital groove is narrower and the deltoid crest not so low down in the Asiatic as 

 in the African. The values of these characters seem, however, questionable, owing to the 

 absence of sufficient instances of the skeleton of the latter in collections in comparison 

 with bones of the former. The abundant materials relating to the Asiatic Elephant 

 appear to me to show considerable inconstancy as regards the stoutness of the limb bones, 

 more especially specimens from both Continental India and its islands. The " slender 

 built " Sumatran Elephant contrasts with the " squat built " form of Central India, and 

 are known by distinct designations. 1 The Central Indian Elephant is smaller than 

 Ceylonese and sub-Himalayan. The same is reported of the Burmese and Siamese, 

 which are said to be still smaller and shorter varieties, whilst some are tuskless. 

 According to travellers there is considerable variability in the size of the African Elephant 

 in different districts. 2 



1. As to the deltoid crest, it seems to me often difficult to exactly define its limits 

 excepting on bones of aged wild individuals. (PI. XVI, figs. 4 and 5.) 



2. The head and tuberosity in two specimens of the African Elephant appear more 

 compressed in the African than in any instance of that of the Asiatic examined by me. 



3. With reference to the breadth and depth of the bicipital groove. It is shallow and 

 open in the African (708h), and also in the humerus of a skeleton in the Royal College 

 of Surgeons of Ireland, whereas it is very generally deep and narrow (almost tubular in 

 certain instances) in the Asiatic, but there are exceptions, of which I have notes of two 



1 Falconer, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 257. Tennent's 'Ceylon,' vol. iv, p. 291. 



2 Livingstone, 'Travels in South Africa,' p. 562, and 'Last Journals,' vol. ii, p. 29, where he alludes 

 to a dwarf race averaging 5 feet 8 inches in height with a tusk G feet in length. 



