154 BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



sidered of little value, and are apparently subject to variations in connection with indi- 

 viduals, and perhaps age. Compare fig. 5 a with 4 a. 



9. The internal condyloid ridge is narrow and prominent in 708h African, whilst, as 

 far as I have observed, in all humeri of the Asiatic it is blunt and rounded. This 

 character, from its apparent constancy in the latter, seems to me trustworthy. Compare 

 fig. 5 a with 4 a. 



The magnificent collections of Mammoth remains in the British Museum from 

 British and Arctic localities are rich in specimens of arm-bones, a few of which are 

 entire. The small race which frequented the Thames Valley during and prior to the 

 deposits of the brick-earths of Ilford, as shown by the teeth, pectoral girdle, and axial 

 elements just described, is maintained by the humerus and other portions of its skeleton ; 

 whilst, on the other hand, even in the same situation and elsewhere in the neighbourhood, 

 and throughout the islands, we find a larger race differing only in minor morphological 

 characters. Reverting to the Mammoth of Ilford, with reference to what has just been 

 enumerated in connection with races of the Asiatic and African species, it is interesting to 

 observe the same tendencies to variability in the case of the species now under consider- 

 ation, but with this exception apparently — that whilst the characters of the recent race 

 are general to the individuals frequenting a particular district, in the case of the Mammoth, 

 we find at Crayford and in the neighbouring localities around Ilford remains ascribable 

 to the typical skeleton of the species. But this anomaly may be more apparent than real, 

 seeing that the ages of the strata in which they are found cannot be calculated or dis- 

 tinctly correlated with the adjacent fluviatile deposits. 



The arm-bone of the Mammoth is represented in the above-mentioned collections in 

 the British Museum by no less than nineteen, specimens, for the most part fragmentary, 

 but all are suggestive as regards the age and dimensions of their owners. The best 



Q 



preserved specimens, No. -twq °f the Brady Collection, is stated by Davies to have been 



" that of a young individual," but after a careful re-examination of the bone he quite 

 agrees with me that from the fact that the epiphyses are firmly united and not a trace of the 

 union is visible either at the proximal or the distal extremities, there can be no doubt 

 but that it belonged to an adult individual. It is rivalled by another, but less perfectly 



C 



preserved, specimen, No. y^r, which is 27 inches in length, the former being 28 - 7. The 



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chief dimensions of ^nE, are given in table at page 215. 



The following characters of the arm-bone of the Mammoth, as compared with what 

 have been just stated of the humeri of the two recent species, I shall now indicate. 



1. The bone (Plate XVI, fig. 1) altogether is more robust than that of either of the 

 living species, and this stoutness relates more particularly to the relatively larger deltoid 

 crest and the antero-posterior diameter of the upper or proximal third, a feature 



