ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— HUMERUS. 155 



altogether more pronounced than in the latter, in fact, a larger expanse for muscular 

 insertions. This character, as far as some fifty humeri of the Mammoth extend, seems 

 to be invariable. Even the superb humerus in Plate XVI, fig. 4 and 4 a, of the Asiatic 

 Elephant represents a more slender upper third as compared with the shorter bone of 

 the Mammoth, figs. 1 and 1 a. 



2. The antero-posterior to the transverse diameter of the head (fig. 1) is 170 to 127 

 millimetres. The deltoid crest is broad (fig. 1 a), and bulges conspicuously outwards 

 about its middle, more so a great deal than I have seen in either of the living, even in 

 that huge bone of the Asiatic (fig. 4), which represents an aged individual said to have 

 died in its native haunts. 



3. The bicipital groove is deep and narrow, being 1^ inches in its greatest breadth. 



4. The supinator ridge (fig. 1) is not so salient as in the African (Plate XVI, fig. 5), 

 and it is altogether shorter. 1 



5. The posterior ridge proceeding from the supinator ridge to the head, as in the 

 African, and not unfrequently in the Asiatic, although not always clearly traceable, is 

 pronounced in fig. 1 a to the proximal articular surface, as in the Asiatic humerus 

 (fig. 4 a). 



0. The contours of the outer condyle, lower border, and trochlear depression of the 

 distal articulation (fig. 1 b) are much as in the Asiatic. These characters I have found 

 very general in all undoubted humeri of the Mammoth which have come under my 

 notice. Compare fig. 1 b, Mammoth, with fig. 4 b, Asiatic, and fig. 5 b, African, also 

 with fig. 6 b, E. antiquus, and fig. 3 b, E. meridionalis. 



7. The internal condyloid ridge (fig. 1 b) is relatively broader than that of the 

 Asiatic Elephant (fig. 4 b), and therefore widely different in this respect from the 

 African (fig. 5 b). 



There are other humeri of considerably larger dimensions in the above Collection 



C C 



(Brady), such as t^, the extreme length of which is 32'5 inches, and another, j-^,, 



33* inches. 



I have selected the foregoing as a good typical example illustrative of the humerus of 

 the Mammoth. It is No. 30,531, B. M., and is interesting as being the most westerly 

 indication of the Mammoth in Europe, having been dredged in the Bay op Galway. 

 Its history has been verified to me by the Earl of Enniskillen, who came into the posses- 

 sion of the specimen soon after the discovery, and subsequently presented it to the 

 National Collection. The surface is dark-coloured, as if derived from mud, and covered 

 with shells of Balanus and Polyzoans. There is a loss of portion of the great tuberosity 



1 But there are exceptions in individual humeri of the Mammoth both as to the length and inclina- 

 tions of the supinator ridge. These are well seen in No. 26,259, B. M., Owles' Collection from the Dogger 

 Bank, where there is a very short supinator ridge, the upper border of which is nearly at right angles to 

 the shaft, whilst another, No. 40,258, in the same collection, and also from the Dogger Bank, has the 

 supinator ridge much inclined. 



22 



