158 BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



As compared with E. antiqum ; the radial sulcus is deep and narrow in the latter, 

 whilst it is wide and shallow in E. meridionalis. 



The head of the olecranon seems to tend more inwards in E. antiqum than in the 

 Mammoth, and apparently in E. meridionalis. 



Radius. 



Like the fibula, the radius is subject to certain individual differences in the promi- 

 nence or otherwise of ridges and the degree of flattening, breadth, or rounding of its 

 surfaces. But there are a few characters apparently characteristic of species. 



1. The anterior aspect is in general much more rounded in the Asiatic and Mammoth 

 (Plate XVIII, fig. 1) than in the African. In the radii referred to the E. antiqum * it is 

 apparently broader, and more flattened than in the two former. In the enormous radius 

 of E. meridionalis, in the collection of R. Johnson, Esq., from Palling, on the Norwich coast, 

 this aspect is not so pronounced as in the Asiatic ; but the narrowness so prominent, 

 amounting to a shin, in the anterior upper third of the African is not observed in any of 

 the British fossil radii nor in E. Asiaticus. 



2. The upper and outer side of the shaft is more flattened in E. antiquus, E. 

 Africanus, and in E. meridionalis, than in E. Asiaticus and E. primigenius. 



3. The inner aspect of the shaft in the above presents these characters. It is round 

 in E. primigenius, flattened in E. Africanus, E. antiquus, and E. meridionalis, whereas it 

 is narrow and sharp in E. Asiaticus. 



4. A prominent ridge rises close to the inner aspect of the head in the African, and 

 runs obliquely downwards towards the external malleolus, where it joins the anterior ridge 

 or shin. 



In the Asiatic and Mammoth this character is not nearly so pronounced, nor is it 

 the case in E. antiquus and E. meridionalis. 



Neither the proximal nor the distal articulations present seemingly distinctive 

 characters of a reliable nature. 



5. The radius generally is relatively stouter in the Mammoth and E. antiquus than in 

 the two recent Elephants ; on the other hand, considering the much greater dimensions 

 of that of E. meridionalis, it has a more slender aspect than in the two former. 



Owing to the slender form of this bone it is rarely found entire in the fossil state. 

 The Brady Collection contains several specimens, a few of which are nearly entire, but 

 none so perfect as that belonging to the ulna (Plate XVIII, figs. 1, 2) already noticed. 



1 Page 59. 



