ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— MANUS. 159 



8. MANUS. 



The elements of the fore foot of the recent species present a few apparently distinctive 

 characters, but collectively there does not appear much difference in relative size. 



Carpus. 



Scaphoid. — In my monograph on the ' Maltese Fossil Elephants ' l I have referred 

 to differences in the configuration and articular surfaces of this bone in the two 

 recent species and the Mammoth, which a more extended field of observation does not 

 seem to controvert. These are, briefly — (a) The posterior border is more rounded in 

 the African and Mammoth than in the Asiatic, in which it is more constricted about the 

 middle, (b) The radial facet is generally (I have met with one or two exceptions, 

 however) more erect in the Asiatic and Mammoth than in the African, (c) The trapezoidal 

 and magna! articular aspects form a triangle in the African, and are slightly concave, 

 whereas in the Asiatic and Mammoth the hollowing out is confined to the magnal 

 surface, and the entire articular aspect is quadrilateral and slightly convex about the 

 middle, and is oval at the summit, where it is rather concave. This surface is more 

 continuous in the African ; the facets for the magnum and trapezoid not being so defined 

 as in the Asiatic and Mammoth. 



I have not seen a scaphoid referable to E. antiquus, but a colossal specimen of that of E. 

 meridionalis, No. 150, of the Gunn Collection, Norwich, from the Forest Bed Series, shows 

 a narrow constriction at the middle, as in the Asiatic and Mammoth. The trapezoidal and 

 magnal facets are, however, like the African, the surface for the former being nearly flat 

 and the radial aspect nearly horizontal. 



This bone varies in length, being usually between 5| to 4^ inches in the Mammoth, 

 whereas the colossal bones from the Norfolk coast often exceed that by two inches, 



Limare. — The ulnar facet is more erect in the Asiatic and Mammoth than in the 

 African specimen, 708 h, B. M. In the large lunare, No. 155, Gunn Collection, Nor- 

 wich, it is intermediate, being not so perpendicular as in the former. 



The magnal surface is hollowed out to a greater extent in the Mammoth and Asiatic 

 than in the African, but it is still more so in No. 155 just referred to, in which the 

 anterior aspect is quite flat. The latter, moreover, has no scaphoidal facets, which are, 

 however, sometimes very small, and even wanting in large individuals of the other forms, 

 indeed, in another specimen, No. 151 of the Norwich Collection, from the same locality 

 and of the same size as No. 155, both the scaphoidal facets and the flattening are absent. 



The dimensions of the lunare of E. primigenius seems seldom to exceed a maximum 



1 'Trans. Zool. Soc. London,' vol. vi, p. 66. 



