ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— FEMUR. 165 



enormous bones in the collections of Mr. Gunn, Mr. Johnson, and Mr. Backhouse, from 

 the Forest Bed ; but altogether it is slender as compared with them. 



2. The posterior surface is considerably less flattened in the Mammoth and these 

 huge bones and in the Asiatic than in the African, the external border being more 

 pronounced in the Asiatic than in the other two, whilst it is rounded in the African. 



3. The external surface. — It is nearly even throughout in the African (708h), whereas 

 it bulges at the third trochanter in the Mammoth and Asiatic. In some femora of the 



C C 



former, such as j^t: (fig. 7) and ^qj of the Brady Collection, B. M., from Ilford, this 



Q 



character is pronounced to a greater extent, whereas another femur, t^ in the same 



collection, the bulging is not so well marked. In the other fossil femora neither 

 character is very evident. 



4. The internal surface. — It is broader and more even in the Mammoth than in 

 either of the recent species, and more so in the African than in the Asiatic. 



Condyles. 



The relative dimensions of the condyles do not seem to furnish important 

 distinctions. I have noticed the differences in the width of the inter-condyloid spaces in 

 the recent species, 1 or rather the degrees of convergence, which is greater in the Asiatic 

 than in the African, 708h B. M., and this seems to be the case very generally in the 

 Mammoth (Plate XIX, fig. la, and Plate XXII, fig. 6), and the same is shown in 

 the condyles of the femur in Mr. Johnson's possession described in the sequel. 

 Individual differences occur in other specimens of large thigh-bones from the Norwich 

 coast, as seen in Gunn's Collection, and, as before noticed, 2 the condyles referred to 

 E. antiquus, from Walton, are not quite so convergent as in the Mammoth. 



The patellar surface is broad and shallow in 708h (African), whereas in the Mammoth, 

 and in the huge femora of E. meridionalis, it is generally more concave and deeper (see 

 Plate XIX, fig. 7, Plate XXII, figs. 5 and 6, and Plate XXVI, fig. U). 



In Beechy's ' Voyage of the Blossom' 3 there is represented a femur of the Mammoth 

 from Arctic America. The specimen is in the National Collection. It is remarkable 

 for its long and slender shaft. The following are its dimensions : 



Length 39 inches ; to the neck 36 inches. 



Girth at midshaft 12 inches. 



The smallest width at midshaft 4^ inches. 



1 P. 62. I must here correct a slip of my pen in connection with the degree of convergence of the 

 condyles of the femur in E. Jsiaticus, where I state that " in the Mammoth and E. Asiaticus the condyles 

 are ' more apart,' " which should be more convergent. 



2 P. 62. 



3 Plate ii. 



