ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— EIBULA. 1C9 



Museum, from Ilford, I am likewise disposed to place with E. antiquus for the same 

 reasons. The following are its dimensions: — Length 26*8 inches; girth, midshaft, 13 

 inches, girth, proximal end, 27*5, and of the distal 22 inches ; breadth, proximal articular 

 surface, 8*5 inches, ditto, distal, 5"4 by 4"3 inches. The distal fibular facet is oblique, as 

 in the Mammoth. The remarkable grossness of both these bones is in so much keeping 

 with numerous instances of Mammoths' tibiae from the Arctic regions and British strata, 

 that I am inclined to place them with the large bone described from Cam berwell, Surrey. 1 

 This tibia is shown in PI. XIX, fig. 11, for the purpose of comparison with that of the 

 Mammoth (fig. 12). 



Another large and very stout tibia, No. 48,134, B. M., Ilford, shows a prominent 

 incurving shin, with a deep pit for the extensor muscles. The length is 25 inches, the 

 girth, midshaft, is 12'4 inches, and the inferior articular surface 4 (a. p. d.) X 5^ inches. 

 Whether such leg-bones belonged to unusually large individuals of the Mammoth, or its 

 more ponderous ally, the E. antiquus, it is difficult to say. The tibia, like the femur, was 

 no doubt subject to considerable individual differences in size. 



11. PIBULA. 



A noticeable external character in the fibula of the Mammoth is that in several 

 specimens the outer surface of the shaft is decidedly broader in it, the Asiatic, and the 

 huge bones from the East coast, than appears in the single specimen of the African in the 

 National Collection ; moreover, as a general rule, the distal tibial facet is more horizontal 



in the latter than in them. This is seen in Plate XIX, fig. 4, No. ngnt Brady Collection 



from Ileord, as compared with the huge bone from Cromer (fig. 3). These two bones 

 will be seen to differ also in the contours of their tarsal articular surfaces. 



In a large collection of Mammalian remains from the Crayford brick-earths, Kent, 

 belonging to Dr. Plaxman Spurrell, of Belvedere, there is an entire fibula of the 

 Mammoth. The upper facet is oblique, and so is also the distal tibial articular surface. 

 The bone is compressed from side to side at its proximal end, and a prominent external 

 ridge runs down the shaft. There is also an internal ridge, which is sharp, and descends 

 from the head to the internal angle. The bone is almost triquetrous. 



The length is 19 inches, and maximum breadth of the distal extremity 3 inches. 



12. PES. 



The hind foot, like the manus, appears to have been relatively smaller in the 

 Mammoth than in either E. antiquus or E. meridionalis. 



1 Page 63. 



