ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— PES. 171 



The following may be considered as average dimensions of this bone in the 

 Mammoth. In the British Museum the calcaneum figured in Beechey's ' Voyage of the 

 Blossom,' 1 from the Arctic Regions, is 6§ inches in length by 5 in its maximum breadth. 

 Another large specimen from the same region has a maximum length of 10, and a maxi- 

 mum breadth of 1\, inches. The last displays a broad upper surface, and is therefore 

 exceptional as compared with the generality of Mammoths' calcanea. The calcaneum of 

 E. antiquus, No. 27,940, B. M. (PI. XIX, fig. 2), from Grays, Essex, is 1\ by 5 inches 

 in breadth ; its facets for the astragal will be seen to differ in their contours as 

 compared with the Mammoth (fig. 1), the outer being nearly four-sided, whilst it is 

 ovoid in E. antiquus, and the inner, which is triangular and deeply notched externally 

 in the former, is crescentic in the latter. The interosseous pit is less open anteriorly 

 and posteriorly in the Mammoth (fig. 1) than in E. antiquus (fig. 2). The heel is also 

 more prominent in the Mammoth. 



Navicular e presents no important diagnostic characters as regards species. 



The dimensions of No. 27,931, B. M., from Walton, in Essex, are 6 in breadth by 

 3£ inches in height, and most probably represent that of the Mammoth. 



Cuboid. — A comparison of several cuboids of the Mammoth with those of the 

 two recent species seems to show that, whilst the external and internal sides are sub- 

 equal in length in the African, they are about equal in the Mammoth and Asiatic. 



The navicular and calcaneal surfaces are separated by a deep furrow in the Asiatic, 

 but not apparently in the African ; nor is it the case in three cuboids of the Mammoth, 

 in which the calcaneal facet is perfectly horizontal. 



The cuboid, No. ~~q Brady Collection, from Ilford, misprinted in the Catalogue 



as a meso-cuneiforme, is 3*4 X 2'2 in its shorter diameter. It is considerably below the 

 average of Arctic specimens, but adds to the overwhelming evidence, already adduced, 

 of the small race which lived in South-eastern England during the deposition of the 

 brick-earths and gravels of the Thames Valley. 



External cunei/orme. — The only point worthy of record in connection with this 

 bone is the absence of the anterior facets for the middle cuneiforme in the majority of 

 specimens of the Asiatic ; but there are exceptions, as shown in the cuneiforme, No. 2543, 

 of an old Elephant from India, in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of 

 England, where the two facets are present, as in the African, 708 h, B. M. In the 

 Mammoth, as far as a few instances show, this facet is wanting. 



Middle cuneiforme. — This bone varies, as does the next, in configuration and characters 

 of the facets, showing that there is seemingly considerable individual irregularity, both 

 in the recent and extinct species. The points of difference are fully noted in my 

 Monograph on the Maltese Fossil Elephants. 2 These refer to the apex being more 



1 Plate ii, fig. 10. 



2 ' Trans. Zool, Soc. London, vol. vi, p. 87. 



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