ELEPHAS MERIDIONALIS.— MILK-MOLARS. 189 



although all the ridges, excepting the posterior talon, are invaded, only the first two have 

 their digitations worn out. The enamel has the usual undulations common in such 

 teeth, but there is no crimping of their machaerides. The posterior fang is very broad, 

 being \\ inches ; the anterior fang is lost. There are five ridges in 2 inches. 



The size is in favour of the tooth being that of a large species of Elephant, the gross- 

 ness being consequent on thicker wedges of cement than ordinarily obtain in E. antiquus 

 and E. primigenius, and there is an absence of crimping. 



This tooth supports the characters of the true molars of E. meridionalis much better 

 than any of the preceding. 



Another right lower molar in the above-named gentleman's Collection, from Cromer, 

 has the cement denuded. It is smaller, with a ridge formula of x G x in 2f by 1*2 inches 

 in breadth. Here five ridges are contained in a space of 2 inches. The excess of cement 

 and the large dimensions are the important points in the diagnosis ; whilst the crimping of 

 the enamel machaerides of the discs are, on the other hand, in favour of E. antiquus. I 

 repeat, however, that the second milk-molar per se is not always a reliable element in the 

 diagnosis of species. 



These are all the entire teeth belonging to the above member of the milk-series that 

 have come under my notice. 



I have examined several fragmentary specimens ; but, with the exception of the fore- 

 going, none are convincing as regards their association with E. meridionalis. 



The molars, from Tuscan deposits, representing this stage of the dentition of E. 

 meridionalis are fully described by Falconer. 1 The ridge formulae and dimensions of 

 entire penultimate teeth may be thus briefly recapitulated: upper, x G x in 2'5Xl"6j 

 lower, x G x in 2 4 X 1*5 inches. 



The Ultimate Milk-Molar. 



This tooth in E. meridionalis holds a ridge formula of x 8 x. Referring to the 

 examples from British strata referred to by Falconer, 2 I find No. 10 of the Norwich 

 Collection is, like No. 4, a previous member of the series, much detrited from rolling 

 in the surf. The formula may have been x 7 x, but the posterior talon is wanting, and 

 the anterior talon and first plate are not well defined. It is evidently a lower jaw tooth, 

 and of the left side. The length is 3*9 X 2 inches. As a typical example it is defective, 

 and neither in the worn crown nor in its elements do I find sufficient characters to 

 distinguish it from E. antiquus. 



In the same Collection is a left upper molar (No. 9) nearly entire, from the " Iron 

 Pan, Forest Bed, Bacton," Norfolk coast. The specimen was presented by Miss A. 

 Gurney. It is 4^-X If inches in breadth, and holds a formula of x 7 x. All the ridges 



1 Op. cit., vol. ii, pp. 110 and 114. 



2 Op cit., vol. ii, p. 134, and ' F. A. S.,' pi. xivB, figs. 4 and 4 a. 



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