ELEPHAS MERIDIONALIS.— HUMERUS. 



215 





Entire 

 length. 



Smallest 

 girth. 



Girth 

 proximal 



ex- 

 tremity. 



Girth 

 distal 

 ex- 

 tremity. 



Width 



distal 



articular 



surface. 



Dimensions of 

 articular sur- 

 face of bead 

 (by tape). 



No. 2744, R. C. S. E., E. Asiaticus, PI. XVI, fig. 4... 

 708n, B. M., E. Africanus, PI. XVI, fig. 5 



36-5 



355 



41 



41-4 



47 



34 



287 



51 

 53 



47" 



16-5 

 13-1 



22-5 



171 



? 



135 

 11-8 



22 

 26-6 



33-5 

 295 

 Lost 



45 



27-8 



45 

 39 



45 



27 



24 



? 



32 



? 



25-5 



205 



40 



37" 

 32 



8'5 



7-8 



1 



8 5 

 ? 



8 ' 

 6-5 



11-5 

 13 



10 

 13 



7-5 x 7 

 7-9 X 7 

 13 x J0-5 

 10 x 78 



9x6 

 9X5 



15 x 9-5 

 15 x 10-5 



135 x 12 



23,151, B.M., E. antiquus 



18, Cotton Collection, E. antiquus, PI. XVI, fig. 6 ... 

 36,700, B. M., E. Namadicus 



30,531, B.M., E.prirnigenius, PI. XVI, fig. 1 



-7^5, B. M., Brady Collection, E. primigenius 



200, Gunn Collection, Norwich Museum, E. meridio- 

 nalis, PI. XVI, fig. 2 1 



Miss A. Gurney's Collection, Norwich Museum 



Norwich Museum, E. meridionalis , 



Norwich Museum, E. meridionalis, PI. XVI, fig. 3 2 ... 

 B. M., Val d'Arno; ' Pal. Mem.,' vol. ii, p. 143 



With reference to E. meridionalis, there are other portions of articular surfaces and 

 pieces of shafts in the Norwich Museum, and in several private collections, representing 

 fully as large, if not larger, colossal Elephants than the foregoing. The distal end of an 

 enormous arm-bone, No. 33,396, B. M., from Happisborough, Norfolk coast, has a 

 breadth of articular surface of 11 inches. Notably, the inner condyle is proportionally 

 larger than inE. primigenius and the humerus in the Cotton Collection. The ginglymus 

 is 6 inches in thickness, and 11^ by tape in the antero-posterior direction; and the inner 

 condyle, by the same appliance, furnishes an antero-posterior length of 16' 5 inches 

 against 14 5 of the outer condyle. 



One point is very striking in the majority of these enormous bones in comparison 

 with humeri of very old individuals of, at all events, the Mammoth and recent species, 

 that is, the general absence of pronounced ridges, in place of which there is a general 

 smoothness of the surface, as seen in bones of adolescent animals, whilst the epiphyses, 

 which are the last to become anchylosed, are all firmly united. The absence of promi- 

 nent ridges might tend to the belief that these colossal Proboscideans were tardy in their 

 movements and seldom given to active muscular exertion. 



Referring to PI. XVI, the more distinctive characters of the humerus of the E. 

 meridionalis (figs. 2 and 3), as compared with the two extinct and the two recent species, 

 appear to me as follows : 



1. It is stouter than that of E. antiquus, and rather more so than in E. primigenius, 

 and much more so than in either of the recent Elephants. 



1 The external condyle by tape in the antero-posterior measurement is 12^ inches, and the internal 

 13^ inches ; the width of the bicipital groove is 2\ inches. 



2 The antero-posterior measurement by tape of the outer condyle is 9 inches, and the inner 

 10^ inches, and of the central portion of the ginglymus 9J inches. 



