ELEPHAS MERIDIONALIS.— RADIUS. 217 



of old individuals of the Mammoth. The radial pit is more open and shallow than in 

 the Mammoth, and the shaft is not so flattened nor are the ridges posteriorly so strongly 

 pronounced. The aspects of proximal and distal articulations furnish apparently no 

 characters of importance. 



The fragment of the distal extremity, No. 246 of the Gunn Collection, from the " Iron 

 Pan of the Forest Bed," shows a less perpendicular radial facet than I have seen in the 

 Mammoth, but there appears some individual variation in specimens, rendering this 

 character of little value. The dimensions of its carpal articulation is 5 5 inches in the 

 antero-posterior (by tape along the surface), and 7 inches in the transverse diameter. 



A proximal fragment, including a little more than half the shaft, in the same 

 Collection, shows a girth of midshaft of 17 inches, and a conjoint breadth 1 of the proximal 

 articular surfaces of 11 inches. Another fragment of the proximal extremity, No. 

 33,395, B..M., from the East Coast, shows a wide and gaping radial pit. But no entire 

 ulna from the above situation has come under my notice. 



Radius 



An entire radius of a colossal-sized Elephant, in the possession of Mr. R. Johnson, of 

 Palling, near Stalham, Norfolk, was found at Mundesley, on the coast, along with the 

 humerus (PI. XVI, fig. 2) and the enormous femur described at page 222. Mr. Johnson 

 was good enough to permit me to take a few measurements of the above and other bones 

 in his collection. With reference to this radius I have taken the following measurements : 



Length 39 inches. 2 



Girth, midshaft, 10 4 inches. 



Girth, proximal end, 16 inches. 



Girth, distal end, 25 inches. 



Distal articular surface 9 in the a. p. d. by 6 inches in the transverse. 



Proximal articular surface 5 J by 3" 5 inches in the antero-posterior diameter. 



The anterior surface of the shaft, as before noticed, 3 is round and prominent down to 

 about the middle third. The outer and inner sides seem flattened as far as a thick coat 

 of matrix would permit inspection. The shape is tectiform, with rather abrupt slopes. 



1 Both Cuvier (' Oss. Foss.,' figs. 15, 1(3, and 17) and De Blainville (' Osteog.,' pi. v) notice large fossil 

 ulnae, neither of which specimens from their dimensions appear to belong to the Mammoth. The former 

 authority shows that, excepting being a stouter bone, it shows no character distinct from the Indian 

 Elephant. The radial pit, however, is much narrower than in the PI. XVIII, fig. 1 a. Their lengths are 

 0825 and 0832 metre respectively. De Blainville's specimen, however, has the distal articulation 

 wanting. Nesti (op. cit.) gives the length of an Italian specimen 0'840 metre. 



2 Nesti records an instance of a radius of E. meridionalis as 0*752 m. in length by 0" 14 1 m. in 

 breadth. 'Nuov. Giorn. de Literat.,' No. 24, p. 194. 



3 Passe 158. 



