GENERAL SUMMARY. 231 



the three forms of Elephants, 1 and shall now proceed to a more general epitome of the 

 diagnostic values attached to the dental series of each species. 



Dentition of Elephas primigenius. 



Permanent incisor very long, spiral, and not remarkably thick near the alveolus ; 

 abnormalities not uncommon. (Pis. VI and VII.) 



General characters of molar series. — Great breadth as compared with length ; narrow 

 and crowded ridges ; tenuity of elements ; absence of crimping generally ; narrow disks ; 

 abnormalities pretty common. 



Molars. — A pre-antepen ultimate milk-molar has been inferred to be occasionally 

 found. The first milk-molar varies from five to six ridges, including talons, the second 

 from eight to eleven ridges, the third from eleven to fourteen ridges ; the first true molar 

 from eleven to seventeen ridges, the second from sixteen to eighteen ridges, the third 

 from twenty to twenty-nine, or more, ridges. (Pis. VI — XIV, PI. XX, fig. 3, and 

 PI. XXI, fig. 1.) 



Dentition of Elephas antiquus. 



Permanent incisor curved gently, like the recent species ; thick at the alveolus and 

 narrowing gradually towards the tip. 2 



General characters of molar series. — Crown generally narrow compared with the 

 length ; high ridges ; enamel various, but usually thicker than in U. primigenius ; crimp- 

 ing of rnachaerides ; central expansion and angulation of the disk ; all the elements of the 

 crown well developed ; discs not aggregated ; frequent abnormalities. 



Molars. — The first milk-molar varies from four to five ridges, including talons, the 

 second from seven to ten ridges, the third ten to thirteen ridges ; the first true molar 

 from eleven to fourteen ridges, the second from fourteen to fifteen ridges, the third from 

 seventeen to twenty-three ridges. (Pis. I — V, PL XII, fig. 3, and PI. XX, figs. 1 

 and 2.) 



1 Pages 65 and 185. 



2 The large collection of Mammoth's tusks from Ilford, in the Brady Collection, British Museum, 

 shows considerable variability in the degree of curvature, and, as before observed (p. 8), there is one 

 perfectly straight, or nearly so. This solitary specimen, Mr. Davies suggested, in the Catalogue (p. 28) 

 might have appertained to Jf?. antiquus, hut I have shown that straight tusks are occasionally developed in 

 the recent species, whilst, on the other hand, the only authenticated incisor of U. antiquus from 

 Bracklesham Bay seems to show a curvature like that of the recent species ; moreover, if the tusk was 

 straight no one would have noted the circumstance sooner than Dr. Falconer, who saw the last-named 

 specimen and another at Syracuse ('Pal. Mem.,' vol. ii, p. 188). I revert to these facts on account of 

 Professor Boyd Dawkins's paper "On the Classification of the Tertiary Period," 'Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc- 

 London,' vol. xxxvi, p. 379, and 'Early Man in Britain,' p. 104, in which he calls E. antiquus the 

 " straight-tusked Elephant." 



