8 ME. E. A. NEWELL AEBEE ON THE TJPPEE [Feb. 1907, 



Before passing on to describe the carbonaceous and calcareous 

 rocks, I may point out that this coast-line offers a promising field 

 for the study of certain problems of physical geology. In addition to 

 the influence of earth-movements, so well seen in these beds, the 

 coast-section affords excellent ground for a detailed examination 

 of the effects of marine denudation on highly folded and contorted 

 strata. 1 There are also a number of waterfalls along the cliffs, 



Fig. 1. — Contorted sliales and sandstones in the sea-cliff at Broadbench 

 Cove, north of Welcomhe Mouth (North Devon). 



both in Devon and in Cornwall, sometimes of quite considerable 

 height and size, which are especially interesting in relation to the 

 dip, the strike, and the folding of the strata, and also to the 

 ' Mouths ' or places where access, natural or artificial, can be gained 

 to the shore. Such would probably repay a close examination. 



III. The Caebonaceotjs Rocks. 



These occur in only one district in the whole of the Upper 

 Carboniferous area in Devon and Cornwall. A number of incon- 

 stant bands of ' culm ' — the old Devon name for the impure, smutty 

 coal of the neighbourhood of Bideford — are found in the north of 

 the county, stretching from the coast at Greenacliff through Bide- 

 ford, for a distance of some 12| miles eastward, to Hawkridge Wood, 

 near Chittlehampton. The disposition of these culm-bands is shown 



1 See De la Beche (39) chap, xiv, p. 435. 



