THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER, FLORIDA, 213 



2. That while we found no fiber-tempered ware in the sand mounds, the pres- 

 ence of burials in sand in Orange Mound beneath strata containing this ware indi- 

 cates at least a beginning of the mound form of burial. 



3. That certain shell-heaps probably, and Mulberry Mound certainly, were 

 contemporary with some of the sand mounds. 



4. That absolutely nothing so far discovered indicates a connection between 

 any shell-heaps and the class of mounds characterized by layers of artificially col- 

 ored sand, abundance of finely wrought polished hatchets and mortuary earthen- 

 ware of fanciful pattern. 



As to Copper from the Mounds of the St. John's. 1 



Note. — The chemists, who made analyses given on pages 34 and 39 of Part I, 

 now state that LEAD was present in the sulphuric acid used by them. These analyses 

 are therefore valueless, and are withdrawn, as are remarks on copper on page j>5 of 

 Part I. 



Before proceeding to discuss the copper found in various mounds of the St. 

 John's, we wish clearly to define certain terms as they will be used by us during the 

 course of this inquiry. 



Native Copper. — Native copper is metallic copper found in nature, often con- 

 taining other elements such as silver, iron, etc. 



Copper Ores. — When copper is found in chemical combination with other ele- 

 ments it forms an ore, as for instance, the oxide, the carbonate, the sulphide, etc. 



Melting and smelting. — To melt is to reduce to a liquid state through the 

 agency of heat. 



To smelt is to recover the metal from the ore by the aid of heat, at times the 

 employment of certain fluxes and the use of carbon in the case of copper. Thus, 

 it is clear that to aborigines conversant with the melting of copper, the art of 

 smelting might be unknown. 



For the sake of clearness, we shall take up, under different headings, the cop- 

 per of the river mounds, its workmanship, its composition, and its origin. 



COPPER OBJECTS OF EUROPEAN DESIGN. 



With one possible exception, a hawk-bell, a favorite gift and medium of barter 

 from the time of Columbus, found with iron and glass near the surface of the mound 



1 Sincere thanks for valuable assistance are returned to Alexander Agassiz, Esq. ; to James R. Cooper 

 Esq., Superintendent of the Lake Superior Smelting Company ; to Professor Frank Hamilton dishing . 

 to J. B. Eckfeldt, Esq., Chief Assayer U. S. Mint, Philadelphia ; to Dr. Persifor Frazer ; to Dr. Harry F 

 Keller; to A. R. Ledoux, M.S., Ph.D. ; to G. W. Lehmann, Ph.D. ; to Dr. Edward D. Peters, Jr.; to 

 Professor J. W. Spencer, State Geologist of Georgia; to A. L. Walker, Esq., Consulting Engineer, Old 

 Dominion Copper Co., Baltimore. 



To Professor James Douglas, President of the Copper Queen Mining Company, of Arizona, we are 

 especially indebted for continuous advice and assistance in the preparation of this paper, and for the loan 

 of many books and pamphlets otherwise inaccessible. 



It is only fair to state that no one of the above-named gentlemen is responsible for all our statements 

 and conclusions as to copper. 



