430 



CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 



Fig. 23. — Condyloid processes of lower 

 jaw of Indian from mound in 

 Ohio. 1. Eight side thick. 2. 

 left side compressed, widened. 



Fig. 24. — Condyloid processes of 

 lower jaw of Chinese. 1. 

 Eight side compressed inter- 

 nally with deep pterygoid 

 fossa. 2. Left side thickened 

 internally with shallow fossa. 



Upon the outer border of the neck, just beneath the articular surface giving 

 attachment to the external lateral ligament, is seen a small prominence known as 

 the tubercle (fig. 21). 



It was not always necessary to compare the condyloid regions of two bones to de- 

 tect the difference above mentioned. They often differed on opposite sides. Then 



the right condyle would be , 2 



1 at times nearly level, wide, 



compressed, with large tuber- 

 cle, while the left would be 

 angular and thick, with little 

 or no tubercle (fig. 24). From 

 one hundred and seventy- 

 one specimen s examined 

 upon this point, forty-two 

 had the left condyle larger; 

 fifty-four had the right the larger, and the remaining seventy-five were of about 

 equal areas. 



An interesting feature was seen in the manner in which the line of the sigmoid 

 notch joined the condyle. It ran into the articular surface at one of four points, 

 varying from the middle of the area to its outer edge. Thus, from one hundred and 

 forty examples, in twenty-nine it joined it at its outer third, in thirty-two 

 at its outer fourth, in thirty-two at its outer fifth, in forty-six at its outer edge. As 

 a rule, the point of union was similar on the two sides, but in six marked instances 

 it varied, one side having it at the outer third or fourth, the other at the edge. 

 In one specimen only was the junction directly in the middle. In no instance did it 

 appear to hold a relation to the site of angulation. 



(f). The mental foramen in three instances was double on one side, two of these 

 being on the left. In six specimens the foramen was the size of a pea, though not 

 appearing to be the result of diseased action. The position of the foramen in three 

 hundred and twenty-one specimens was found as follows : on level of the first 

 premolar, six ; between first and second premolar, sixty-four ; on level of second 

 premolar, eighty-six ; between second premolar and first molar, one hundred and 

 fifty-nine ; on level of first molar, five ; between first and second molar, one. — In a 

 few instances the foramen was placed differently on the two sides ; thus, between 

 first and second molar on the right, and on level of first molar on the left. 



(11). The norma verticalis. This region includes the intertemporal region 

 on the parietal bones ; the forehead at the level of the frontal eminence and the 

 occipital bone above the inion. All these surfaces are distinguished by a peculiar 

 texture. The surface of the intertemporal region is the " sconce" or "crown" of 

 common language. It is usually rough, pitted with orifices {foramina Santorind) 

 for minute veins or variously tuberculated. So many are the individual peculiarities 

 of this region that it is well worthy of being noted in every description, and being 

 measured in its diameter. In figure 25 the norma occipitalis of an Ancient Egj-p- 



