the two extreme Seasons in the Temperate Zones. 47 
face, (including the atmosphere and objects on the surface,) and 
a gradual reduction of its temperature by loss or waste in those 
two seasons respectively, and not d/rect results of the gain or loss 
from day to day. Then, since opposite seasons occur at the same 
time in the two opposite hemispheres, we evidently have the 
following results as consequences of the variations in question 
with the present position of the line of apsices. 
South Hemisphere. 
Hemispher sien! 
Winter colder from the sun’s being more 
distant 
North : 
Summer cooler from the sun’s being more 
“ 
Ciistant, . 
hotter for being longer, ~ “for being longer. 
Winter warmer from the sun's being| Summer hotter from the sun's being 
near nearer, 
arer. - ¢ 
for being shorter. «cooler for being shorter. 
° “ 
Directing our attention first to the summers we find in these 
the two conditions of time and distance opposed in their influ- 
ence: in the northern summer the sun is more distant but the 
time longer; in the southern the sun is nearer but the time 
shorter: but as the same amount of heat is received in each, we 
have only to consider whether its being received in a longer or 
shorter time will be most favorable to accumulation. If all the 
eat were retained there would of course be no difference, b 
as a large portion is lost each day (at night) by radiation, and 
this continues in the northern summer for a longer t/me, it seems 
to follow that the accumulation must be greater in the shorter or 
Ception, for if it me 
If the supply, supposing its rate constant, were continued indefi- 
hitely, a limit would doubtless be reached at which, a very high 
temperature having been produced, the loss or radiation would 
me equal to the supply, but that the heat of summer is very 
far below this limit is clearly shown by the fact that the accumu- 
-“410N continues for about a month after the summer solstice, that 
'®, after the supply has begun to decline. We are justified then in 
Concluding that in the short summer of the south not only are 
€days hotter and the force of the sun’s direct rays considera- 
greater, but that, other conditions being the same, the accu- 
Rec wap of heat or average temperature will reach a higher 
Referring again to the statement of results on a preceding 
Page, and turning our attention now to the winters, we at once 
Perceive that in these the conditions of time an anc 
d to each other in their effects 
nsated by the 
so that instead of one being compens 
not, 
but comb 
48 in the summers, op 
ined, 
and distance are 
5 
