GO Contributions to Persian Lexicography. [No. 1, 



^j-.gij bulhawas. It is wrong to derive this word from the P. 

 prefix <Jb bul much, as some Indian grammarians and lexicographers 

 have done, whose opinion Vullers adopts. It is another spelling for 

 ^j^Jljj. This is also confirmed hy the fact that but bulhavxis occurs, 

 and not bulhos, whilst hos is a Persian tacarruf of the Arab. Jiavxc-s. 

 Again, the few real Persian compounds with bul are all ancient. 



The personel of Persian love poetry consists of the (J-^, the ci*-**" 5 , 

 the <x^li qdc id, the v^j raqib (or &+£>d or LS ^^ S mudda'i) who watches 

 over the md'shuq, and lastly, outsiders. Among the latter are those 

 who are ^Ajj zdhid abstemious, indifferent to love, and those who are 

 u-'-Ji"'^ bulhawas, who possess no (j^**^, but wj& Jiawas. 'Ishq is 

 ^Xj^^yJ^. batiuzzawdl constant ; hawas is transient, J tjjJ| Qj** sari' 

 uzzawdl, though passionate. 



tji-jjj bish more. This word is followed by j\ ; jb c**> jl^i-jo more 

 than a hundred times. But Jt may be left out, when u«# stands after 

 the numeral ; as <_£# jb &*> more than a hundred times. A hundred 

 times more would be y~i& jb ^^ cad bar i cligar. 



<_fb pai. In pre-classical Persian we never find <^b, i j^j j i _ s ^i } and 

 Imperatives as ls^£, cs^ &c, without the ^S. During the classi- 

 cal period the <_f is often thrown away. In modern Persian the 

 forms without the <_£ are the usual forms. Hence the modern adjective 

 k^L^-b pa-hisab subject to rendering an account, in the Indian phrase 

 \D±j£<*J.~*2».h \j ^ . Similarly, taxes are the cuiJLL* ^Jjb paranj i 

 saltanat. In compounds, when <_^b is not followed by a genitive, the 

 shortened form ^/pai is often preferred ; dj*> ^ cj|o.j L y£y t > not eveiy 

 one cares for it ; o^J j^Jr**^^ to go straight at a thing, to understand 

 the essence of a thing ; C^J ^j-^a+J ^j to strive to reach the 

 goal ; but &dj&J>\ *~>fc^ ij»^j£ c5^> the same. <^b occurs also 

 adverbially, under, the same as obb j& ) or cu^j^ dar taht ; e. g., 

 &^y fseyojib Jj ^b j|ixb«as J |«b' the collector writes the name of 

 every Tahcildar beloiv the name of the village. 



•>=~«^jb pdo gosht. What Vullers has copied from Richardson is 

 wrong. The word means \ flesh, and is the name of a regulation of 

 the emperor Akbar by which he wished to determine the fatness, or 

 otherwise, of an animal in proportion to the quantity of food given vide 

 AA. p. 163. _>b is Hind. 



