XI 



linaria, Linota exilipes, Pinicola enucleator, Plectrophanes lapporiicus and Plectrophanes nivalis, 

 Otocorys alpestris, Pica rustica, Corvus cor ax, Strix flammea, Asio accipitrinus, Nyctea scandiaca, 

 Kyctale tcngmalmi, Aquila chrysaetus, Falco gyrfalco, Falco candicans and Falco peregrinus, 

 Pandion haliaetus, Phalacrocorax carlo. Besides these, Loxia curvirostra and L. bifasciata are 

 represented in the Nearctic Region by L. americana and L. leucoptera, both very closely allied 

 forms ; and the following are also represented in the Nearctic Region by species so closely allied 

 that they may be treated as only climatic varieties, viz. Asio otus by Asio americanus, Syrnium 

 fapponicum by S. cinereum, Sumia ulvla by Surnia funerea (which latter has also occurred in 

 Europe as a rare straggler), Astur palumbarius by Astur atricapillus, Falco cesalon by Falco 

 colnmbarius. I may also remark that Phylloscopus borealis and Motacilla fiava, which species 

 range right across the northern portion of the Palsearctic Region, have occurred in the north- 

 western portion of the Nearctic Region. 



Amongst the Herodii only one species, Nycticorax griseus, has a circumpolar range ; but 

 Ardea alba and Ardea garzetta are represented in the Nearctic Region by two closely allied 

 species, A. egretta and A. candidissima. 



The Anseres are, as may be imagined, very widely distributed — two species of the genus 

 Bernicla, one of Chen, one each of Anas, Querquedula, Chaulelasmus, Spatula, Dafila, Mareca, 

 Fuligula, Clangula, Cosmonetta, Harelda, and ffidemia, three of Somateria, and two of Mergus 

 having a circumpolar range. 



The genus Lagopus is essentially circumpolar in its range, although only one species 

 {Lag opus albus) is found throughout the circumpolar region. Of the Grallee, Gallinula 

 chloropus is found right round the globe, though it does not range further north than to 

 about 60° N. lat.; but Fulica atra is replaced by a closely allied species, Fulica americana, in 

 the Nearctic Region. 



Of the Charadriidse the only European representatives of the genera Squatarola and 

 Strepsilas have a circumpolar range ; and the American Golden Plover is scarcely separable 

 from Charadrius fulvus ; but our Oyster-catcher is replaced in North America by Hamiatopus 

 palliatus. 



Amongst the Scolopacidae many species are found on both continents ; two of the genus 

 Phalaropus, three of Tringa, and one Calidris have a circumpolar range, whereas four of 

 Tringa, one Tryngites, one Bartramia, one Machetes, one Macrorhatnphus, and one Numenius 

 have been recorded from both the Nearctic and Palsearctic Regions, most of them being 

 inhabitants of the former, and mere stragglers to the latter region. 



As might be expected, the Gavise, Tubinares, Alcse, and Pygopodes are largely represented 



in both the Palsearctic and Nearctic Regions — there being seven species of the genus Sterna, one 



Hydrochelidon, one Xema, one Rhodostethia, one Pagophila, five of the genus Larus, three of 



Stercorarius, both species of Procellaria, one Oceanites, three of Puffinus, one Fulmarus, one 



vol. i. b 



