Vlll 



Lagopus brachydactylus, TJria lachrymans, Mormon fratercula, Phalacroeorax cristatus, Phala- 

 crocorax desmarestii, appear to me to be bad species, and fifteen others, viz. Nauclerus f meatus, 

 Bubo ascalaphus, Ulula nebulosa, Turdus migratorius, Parus bicolor, Fringilla hyemalis, Corythus 

 longi cauda, Erythrospiza rosea, Sitta asiatica, Ciconia maguari, Totanus macularius, Mergus 

 cucullatus, Sterna stolida, Lanes atricilla, and Puffinus obscurus, are included on insufficient 

 evidence ; hence his total number is reduced to 427. 



Degland and Gerbe, who included a larger area, taking in the Caucasus and a portion of 

 Asia Minor, increased the list of European birds to 531 ; but of these five, viz. Certhia brachy- 

 dactyla, Linota borealis, Puffinus yelkouan, Sterna paradisea (which they describe as distinct 

 from Sterna dougalli), and Podiceps longirostris, are not good species, and thirty-eight others, viz. 

 Otogyps auricularis, Haliaetus leucocephalus, Falco concolor, Bubo ascalaphus, Ceryle alcyon, 

 Carpodacus roseus, Fringilla spodiogena, Emberiza striolata, Otocorys bilopha, Turdus olivaceus, 

 Turdus migratorius, Turdus minor, Turdus solitarius, Turdus swainsoni, Ectopistes migratorius, 

 Actitis macularia, Symphemia semipalmata, Grus antigone, Balearica pavonina, Ardeola sturmi, 

 Ibis religiosa, Fregata marina, Phaeton cethereus, Liomedea exulans, Diomedea chlororhyncha, 

 Procellaria capensis, Puffinus obscurus, Larus leucophthalmus, Larus atricilla, Larus bonapartii, 

 Sterna bergii, Bernicla canagica, Chenalopex cegyptiaca, Mareca americana, Querquedula discors, 

 Fulix collaris, Mergus cucullatus, and Fratercula corniculata, are either birds inhabiting North 

 Africa, which do not appear to have really occurred north of the Mediterranean, or else they are 

 species inhabiting other zoogeographical regions which have been included as stragglers on 

 insufficient evidence. Deducting these, the total number of species included by Degland and 

 Gerbe amounts to 488. 



In the present work I include 623 species, or, adding Pratincola maura, which I have 

 since found to be a good species, 624 species in all; but of these, 10 species are restricted 

 to the Atlantic islands and 27 to North Africa: deducting these there remain 586 species 

 inhabiting Europe and the portion of Asia Minor which belongs to the Western Palsearctic 

 Region, or 98 more than are included by Degland and Gerbe, 126 more than are in the second 

 edition of Temminck's ' Manuel d'Ornithologie,' and 159 more than Gould has in his ' Birds of 

 Europe.' Nor is the subject by any means exhausted ; for it appears probable that the number 

 of European or, rather, Western Palsearctic species may ere long be considerably increased as 

 ornithological research is pushed in the Caucasus and Asia Minor. 



Professor Bogdanoff has lately published in the ' Proceedings ' of the Kazan Naturalists' 

 Society (viii. part iv. p. 196, 1879) a list of the birds of the Caucasus, in which he includes the 

 following species as new to the European avifauna, viz. Buteo menetriesi, Bogd., Sturnus nitens, 

 Hume, Hesperiphona cameipes, Hodgs., Montifringilla alpicola, Pall., Emberiza huttoni, Blyth, 

 Parus phteonotus, Blanf., Parus michalowskii, Bogd., Pcecile brandtii, Bogd., Erithacus hyrcanus, 

 Blanf., JJaulias hafizi, Severtz., Picus poelzami, Bogd., and Sitta rupicola, Blanf. Of these, as 

 will be seen, four are new species. These I have not yet had an opportunity of examining, and 



