1896. ] in the Indo-Aryan Vernaculars, 3 
(Cl. I), ‘he bargains,’ mr-na-te (Cl. VI), ‘he kills.’! Frequently this 
nasal suffix gives a causal meaning; e.g., from / mr ‘die,’ we have 
marati (Vedic), ‘he dies,’ but mr-na-ti or mr-na-ti, ‘he kills.’ 
Sometimes the suffix takes the form ana. Thus from the root krp, 
‘have pity,’ we have for causal, krp-nya-ti or krp-@p-aya-tr, ‘he is weak,’ 
and krp-ana-té, ‘he is a suppliant.’ Again 4/ 7s, 7s-a-té, ‘he escapes,’ 
ds-ya-ti or is-na-ti ‘he impels,’ is-ana-ya-té, ‘he excites.’ So also, we 
have another group of verbs which take anya. H.g., krp-anya-ti, ‘he 
is a suppliant;’ 7zs-anya-ti, ‘he excites;’ twr-a-ti or tur-anya-ti, ‘he 
hastens ;’ bhur-a-ti or bhur-anya-ti, ‘he is active;’ di-dhés-ti, ‘he 
sounds,’ dhis-anya-t (pres. part.) ‘desirous to praise;’ rés-a-ti or rig- 
anya-tt, ‘he injures,’ ruv-a-ti (Ved.) or ruv-anya-tt ‘he utters a harsh 
noise ;’ hvay-a-ti or huv-anya-ti, ‘he cries out.’ Most of these (espe- 
cially those with ana and anya) are recognized by native grammarians 
as denominative verbs. But, as Brugmann (l. c.) says, all these 
nasalised verbs are denominatives; kri-nd-ti, su-nd-ti and yu-na-k-to, 
are as much denominatives as vé-na-ti (from vé-na, ‘anxious’) or 
krp-ana-té (from kpp-ana, pitiable). Thatis to say, in Sanskrit, verbal 
roots can take as suffixes (especially in the case of Denominatives and 
Causals) certain suffixes which are generally used to form nouns, before 
adding the personal terminations. The suffixes hitherto examined in 
regard to this, are na, nd, ana, anya and nu. These are all well-known 
nominal suffixes. 
If these nominal suffixes are added in Sanskrit, it need not surprise 
us to find others similarly used in the old Vulgar Aryan speech of which 
we have survivals in the Prakrits. For instance, there is the Prakrit 
pleonastic suffix ala, alla, alla or ulla (H.-c., 1, 164, 165, 166, 173; 
iv, 429, 430). This can be added to a noun without changing its sense, 
and, by parity of reason, can also be added to a verbal root. Two 
instances of the use of this suffix attached to verbs occur in Sanskrit. 
The 4/ pa ‘protect, has two forms of conjugation, viz., pa-ti and 
pa-l-aya-ti, “he protects.’ The latter form is said, by European writers, 
to be a denominative derived from pdla, ‘a protector;’ but that, if 
the truth, is only half the truth. It is just as much a denominative 
as vé-na-tt, and no more. So also the ,/ lz or Ja,* ‘to adhere,’ has for 
its causal 4/ la-p-aya-tt, li-n-aya-ti or la-l-aya-tit. Here there is no ques- 
tion of the verb being denominative, It is a pure causal formation. 
Other pleonastic suffixes added in Prakrit to nouns are da (H.-c,, 
iv, 429, 430), and ka (H.-c., ii, 164; iv, 429, 430). There is no reason 
1 Brugmann, Grundriss, ii, 972, 973, 979, 986, 1089. These references are made 
once for all, and will not be repeated. 
2 I quote from Benfey’s Grammar, Second Hdition, p. 41, The Siddh. Kaumndi, 
ii, p. 193; Pa, 7, 3, 39, gives 4/ la. The point is immaterial. 
