+ G. A. Grierson—On Irregular Causal Verbs [No. 1, 
why these should not be added to verbal roots, as we have seen to be 
the case with na and lu.! 
A remarkable instance of this has survived in the Indo-Aryan 
Vernaculars. There is an Aryan root der, ‘run,’ which appears in 
Sanskrit as drd-ti, ‘he runs.’ To this root, pleonastic suffixes have 
been added even in Sanskrit times, so that we also find the forms 
dr-ava-ti and dr-ama-ti, he runs,’ and even with more than one 
sufix dr-ava-s-ya-ti, ‘he attends upon a person.’ This root appears 
under the following forms in the modern Indian languages :— 
Kacmiri, dért, ‘he will run.’ 
Western Panjabi, druké, ‘ he runs.’ 
Sindhi, déré or doké. 
Panjabi, dauré. 
Gujarati, dédé. 
Rajputani, dodé. 
Hindi, dauré, dhauwré. 
Central Pahari, not noted. 
Naipali, duguré. 
Baiswari, déré. - 
Bihari, daug4, dhaugé, dhauré. 
Marathi, daudé. 
Bengali, dauré. 
Assamese, not noted. 
Oriya, dauré. 
Here we have the following groups :— 
(1) druk, dak, daug, dhaug,* 
(2) ddr, dor, daur, dod, dhaur,* daud, 
(3) dugur. 
The first, or k, group shows that the root has taken the suffix ka, 
and druké, &c., must be referred back to a low Sanskrit * dr-ava-ka-ti. 
1 It must not be supposed that the nm and J forms are the only cases of Sanskrit 
‘roots with nominal suffixes. 
As Brugmann (ii. 1020 and ff.) shows, there are many parallel instances. H. ¢., 
/ bhas (bha-sa-ti) ‘shine’ is really a denominative, based on the 4/ bha (bha-tt), 
with the nominal suffix sa. So also many other rootsins. Again stems in cch 
(e. g., gacchati, ‘he goes’) are old denominatives, with the nominal termination ska 
(prakritized to cch) added. Thus gacchati is for ga-ska-ti. Again many roots in ¢ 
are denominatives formed from nouns in ta. Thus from 4/ ci (ci-nod-ti, ‘he sets in 
order,’ also a denominative form), we have the past participle ci-ta, and also the 
root ci-t (cé-ta-ti, ‘he understands);’ so also from 4/ yam, we have the present 
ya-ccha-ti (i. e., ya-ska-ti), or (Vedic) yam-a-ti, ‘he supports,’ the past participle 
ya-ta, and the denominative verb ya-t (ya-ta-té, ‘ he connects’). 
4 The dh in this form is due to confusion with another root, dhav having the 
same meaning. 
