1896.|. E. D. Maclagan—Jeswit Missions to the Emperor Akbar. 39 
the guidance of Father Rodolfi Aquaviva who remained at the Court 
of the Mogul for three years. The second, under Father Edward 
Leoton, arrived in 1591 and after a short stay was somewhat hastily 
withdrawn. The third, under Father Jerome Xavier, a nephew of St. 
Francis, persevered in its labours from the date of its commencement in 
‘the year 1595 to a time considerably later than the death of the Emperor. 
It is of these three missions that the present paper treats. A 
narrative of all the three missions is to be found in Hugh Murray’s 
‘Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia,’ Edinburgh , 
1820, vol. IT., 82-96, but the narrative is brief and is disfigured by 
some unfortunate misprints of dates. So again in the Rev. James 
Houeh’s ‘ History of Christianity in India,’ London, 1839, vol. IT., 260- 
287, there is a history of the missions to Akbar, which is taken almost 
entirely (mistakes and all) from the History of the Mughal Empire 
issued in 1708 by the Jesuit Catrou: Catrou’s work was compiled 
from the Portuguese manuscript of Signor Manuchi, a Venetian who 
was physician to the Mughal Court in Aurangzeb’s time, and Manuchi pro- 
fessed to base his history on Persian records in the Mughal capital, but 
his translator, Catrou, confesses to having added to the original history, 
and the account of the Jesuit missions in Catrou’s work is obviously 
taken from European sources.!. Even in the ‘Kaiser Akbar’ (1880) of 
Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein (Count von Noer), where an 
admirable account, based on Du Jarric’s history of these missions will 
be found, there is a certain want of completeness owing to the fact that 
the writer had not apparently seen the last volume of Du Jarric’s work 
which treats of the missions after the year 1600.2 It is advisable, there- 
fore, to leave our modern authorities and to go back as far as we can 
to the original records of these missions. 
Notices by native historians.—Before, however, examining the 
Jesuit records attention may be paid to the passing allusions made by 
native historians to the Christian proclivities of Akbar and the doings 
of the priests at his Court.® We are fortunate in finding among. 
1 See also ‘The Portuguese in Northern India,’ Calc. Rev. v. 279-284, (1848). 
2 See Kaiser Akbar, I., 440. A short notice of Akbar’s connection with 
Christianity will be found in Bohlen’s ‘Alte Indien,’ 1830, vol. I., 104-105. 
Attention may also be directed to Dr. Ireland’s romance called ‘ Golden Bullets,’ 
Edinb., 1890, in which the Jesuits at Akbar’s Court play a large role: and to 
the sketch of the missions in Max Mullbauer’s Geschichte per katholischen Missionen 
in Ostindien, 1852, pp. 133-149. 
_ 8 The quotations made below are all collected from translations and English 
works and cannot claim to be exhaustive. Reference may be also made to Asad 
Beg’s amusing account of the introduction of tobacco in Akbar’s Court, and the 
Jesuit Father’s support of the tobacco smokers (Elliot, VI., 167). 
