1896. ] G, A. Grierson-— On the Kaemiri Vowel-System. 283 
pronounced (and transliterated) ts, tsh, and 2 respectively. The nasal 
S| fia is pronounced fiyé, and is treated as if it was spelled =. With 
Virama (1) it is pronounced “iy, and is treated as if it was ay ny”. 
As regards transliteration ; ib seems to me that the only satisfactory 
way, so far as this article is concerned, is to follow the Carada 
spelling throughout. The matra-vowels should be represented by 
a small letter above the line, and modified vowels should have a 
dot under them to warn the reader that they are modified. How 
they are modified is to be gathered from the particular mdatra 
which follows, and from the following rules. The only exception 
I make to this system of transcription is the representative of the 
6-sound in cob, and the é-sound in ebb. These, in Carada are represented by 
wa (or %) and ya respectively, following a consonant. Thus @@ (or 
Gu) twahya (or tuhya) (pr. tohé). As this wa and ya do not convey to 
the reader the sounds they represent, I transliterate them (when they 
represent these sounds) by 6 and é respectively. 
I now proceed to deal with the vowels in due order. The lists of 
words given by Leech, in his paper above referred to, have been care- 
fully read over with me by Pandit Mukund Ram of Sirinagar,! and every 
word which we have been able to identify has been written down in 
the Dévanagari character, and its pronunciation discussed, Many new 
words, illustrating new rules, have also been added. 
4 a is usually pronounced as the short a in America. 
The following are examples. 
wera calakh, a beating. qzq_vatakh, thou wilt roll up. 
aaa wanakh, thou wilt say. yaa pakakh, thou wilt go. 
w@2ezq khatakh, thou wilt conceal. <TR rachak, thou wilt protect. 
wzeq phatakh, thou wiltbedrowned. AG ranakh, thou wilt cook. 
waa _ganakh, thou wilt congeal. aaa khanakh, thou wilt dig. 
ara manakh, thou wilt obey. wara@_ ménakh, thou wilt measure. 
<q vatakh, thou wilt take. wae asakh, thou wilt laugh. 
aqxvq barakh, thou wilt regret. esa dazakh, thou wilt be burnt. 
sive _zarakh, thou wilt endure. aq sarakh, thou wilt experience. 
g~a@ alakh, thou wilt be shaken. wea malakh, thou wilt rub. 
aaa valakh, thou wilt throw over. Wee khalakh, thou wilt be opened. 
a person. aa@ balakh, thou wilt recover. 
aaa galakh, thou wilt melt. saa dalakh, thou wilt slip. 
ava marakh, thou wilt die. AT gar“, a house. 
™zyq tsatakh, thou wilt tear. Baa atsun, to enter. 
ae al 
aaa tsalakh, thou wilt flee. wala alyauv, he shook. 
* I must express my obligations to Dr. Stein for obtaining for me so excellent 
an assistant and teacher. 
